Allodynia is the appearance of pain when exposed to stimuli that normally do not cause pain. It is noted in causalgia, neuropathies and polyneuropathies, herpes zoster, multiple sclerosis, migraine, condition after spinal cord injuries, strokes, spinal operations. To establish the cause of allodynia, data from a survey, general and neurological examination, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and laboratory studies are used. Treatment - analgesics, blockade with anesthetics, vitamins, antidepressants, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Article • Read more →Asymmetry of the face is more common in nervous diseases and dental pathologies. Less commonly, the cause of the symptom is trauma, ophthalmological, otolaryngological, congenital diseases. Violation can be static or dynamic, develop due to disorders of innervation, edema, excess or lack of tissue. Determining the cause of asymmetry is carried out using data from general, dental, neurological, otolaryngological examination, radiography, and other imaging techniques. Treatment prior to diagnosis is not indicated.
Article • Read more →Basophilia (basophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of basophils more than 150 in 1 μl of blood or more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. It often accompanies eosinophilia, since basophils and eosinophils are jointly involved in many pathological reactions. The causes of basophilia are allergic, inflammatory, oncohematological diseases. There are no specific manifestations, the clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Measurement of the level of basophils is carried out in the general blood test. To eliminate basophilia, it is necessary to treat the disease against which it arose.
Article • Read more →Pain in the lip is observed with various types of cheilitis, herpes, traumatic injuries, atypical form of lichen planus of the oral cavity, trigeminal neuralgia, lip cancer. In the absence of significant skin defects, it is often burning, often combined with itching, with the appearance of cracks - sore, with neurological pathology - extremely intense, shooting. The cause is established on the basis of examination data, instrumental and laboratory methods. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic local agents, immunomodulators, regeneration stimulants, other drugs of general action, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Article • Read more →Pain in the gums occurs with gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal disease, stomatitis, developing against the background of local changes or somatic diseases. It is detected with malocclusion, mechanical damage. It can be weak, intense, permanent, short-term. Often occurs when eating, brushing teeth. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, dental examination data and additional studies. Treatment is carried out using general and local means: antiseptics, anesthetics, analgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs. According to indications, dental operations are performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the anus in women occurs with diseases of the rectum, female genital organs, urinary system. It happens constant, short-term, sharp, dull, sharp, burning, pulsating, pressing, aching, stabbing, pulling. Sometimes combined with stool disorders, tenesmus, blood, mucus. The causes of the symptom are established on the basis of the data of the survey, external, proctological and gynecological examination, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, ultrasound, anal manometry, coprogram, analysis for worm eggs, biopsy studies. For treatment, rectal suppositories, microclysters, physiotherapy, and general preparations are used.
Article • Read more →Pain in the lower jaw is observed with periostitis, osteomyelitis, maxillary abscess, fractures, tumors. It is provoked by some dental pathologies, bruxism, neuralgia, coronary artery disease. It can be constant, intermittent, strong, non-intense, dull, sharp, pressing, aching, bursting, twitching. The cause is determined based on the results of the survey, general and dental examination, imaging, electrophysiological, laboratory techniques. Therapy includes analgesics, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, and other medications. Sometimes operations are performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the pubic area in women is provoked by traumatic injuries and diseases of the cartilage of the symphysis zone and adjacent bones, some gynecological and urological pathologies. May occur during pregnancy. They are sharp, blunt, strong, non-intense, permanent or intermittent. With the involvement of solid structures, they increase or decrease with a change in body position. The nature of the pathology is determined on the basis of a conversation, a general and gynecological examination, and the results of hardware and laboratory techniques. Therapeutic tactics depend on the cause of the pain syndrome, it can be conservative (medications, physiotherapy) or operational.
Article • Read more →Pain in the labia area is observed with nonspecific vulvitis and vulvovaginitis, bartholinitis, candidiasis, gardnerellosis, STIs, vulvar kraurosis, vulvodynia. May be constant or intermittent. In most cases, mild or moderate, has a raw or burning character, combined with itching, pathological discharge. Less often strong, pulling, bursting. Sometimes it is supplemented by weakness, general hyperthermia. The cause of the symptom is established according to the data of a gynecological examination, the results of laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment includes general and local etiotropic therapy, physiotherapy, hormonal agents. Sometimes surgery is indicated.
Article • Read more →Pain in the chin occurs with traumatic injuries, local purulent processes, trigeminal neuralgia, atypical prosopalgia. In patients with dental pathologies and myositis of the cervical muscles, it has an irradiating character. It can be acute, dull, constant, short-term, growing, weak, intense, aching, twitching, arching, shooting. The cause of the symptom is established according to the survey, general and dental examination, additional studies. Treatment is carried out with the use of analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants and other drugs. Operations are carried out according to indications.
Article • Read more →Pain in the crown occurs with disorders of cerebral circulation, intracranial hypertension, meningitis, encephalitis, arachnoiditis, traumatic injuries of the head and neck, otolaryngological diseases, their intracranial complications. It is observed with muscle lesions, diseases of the spine, infections, intoxications, vegetative-vascular, neurotic disorders. More often pressing or bursting, it can be pulsating, twitching, aching. It is diagnosed on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, general examination, otolaryngological and neurological examination, additional methods. Painkillers, NSAIDs, antibiotics, nootropics, neurometabolites, and other agents are used for treatment.
Article • Read more →Pain in the tongue can be the result of microtrauma, irritation of the mucous membrane, occurs with glossalgia, some glossitis, abscess and phlegmon of the tongue, acute oral candidiasis, xerostomia, neuralgia, dental problems, pernicious and iron deficiency anemia, allergic reactions. More often burning, raw, tingling, tingling. With purulent processes - sharp, bursting, twitching, pulsating. It is diagnosed on the basis of complaints, examination data, instrumental and laboratory studies. Treatment includes rinsing, applications, the appointment of physiotherapy techniques, general drugs, and sometimes surgery.
Article • Read more →Pain in the entire head is observed with vascular disorders, intracranial hypertension, meningitis, encephalitis, arachnoiditis, traumatic injuries, general infections, exogenous intoxications, mental disorders. Physiological causes are stuffiness, lack of sleep, stress, changing weather conditions. The pain can be pressing, bursting, aching, throbbing, dull, sharp, short-lived or persisting for a long time. NSAIDs, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antiallergic and other drugs, physiotherapy techniques, and surgical interventions are used in the treatment.
Article • Read more →A wet cough is a cough that produces mucus or mucopurulent sputum. The symptom develops against the background of pain in the chest (thoracalgia), wheezing, signs of general intoxication of the body. This type of cough is observed in bronchitis and other bronchopulmonary pathologies, respiratory infections, heart failure. To determine the root cause of the disorder, x-rays, spirography, bronchoscopy, and laboratory tests are performed. In order to reduce discomfort, inhalations, the use of mucolytics, expectorants, and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.
Article • Read more →Hemiparetic gait is formed as a result of organic lesions of the central nervous system, is detected after a stroke, TBI, encephalitis, purulent lesions of the brain. It develops with tumors, parasitosis, toxic, demyelinating and degenerative-atrophic processes. The cause of the occurrence is established according to the anamnesis, general and neurological examination, echoencephalography, CT, MRI, laboratory tests, and other studies. At the initial stage of development of hemiparesis, pathogenetic and symptomatic measures are taken, followed by rehabilitation.
Article • Read more →Hyperkalemia is an increase in the level of potassium in the blood serum above 5.5 mmol / l or mEq / l. The reason is an increased intake of potassium in the body, its release from cells or a slowdown in excretion. The main clinical symptoms include general muscle weakness, severe cardiac arrhythmias. Diagnosis is made by measuring the concentration of potassium in the blood. As measures of treatment, potassium intake is maximally limited, some drugs are canceled, calcium, glucose, and insulin preparations are used. In severe hyperkalemia, hemodialysis is performed.
Article • Read more →Hypercalcemia is an increase in serum concentrations of total calcium greater than 2.8 mmol/l or ionized calcium greater than 1.3 mmol/l. The cause of this condition may be hyperparathyroidism, malignant neoplasm, long-term use of drugs. Symptoms include incipidar syndrome (polyuria, polydipsia), general muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disorders. For diagnosis, the level of ionized calcium (Ca2+) is more important. For treatment, 0.9% NaCl, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates are used.
Article • Read more →Hyperstenuria is an increase in the relative density (specific gravity) of urine more than 1.030 g / ml. Most often, this condition occurs with dehydration, but can also occur with diabetes mellitus, increased production of antidiuretic hormone, and heart disease. There are no clear clinical signs of hyperstenuria. Relative density indicators are measured with a general urine test. To eliminate hyperstenuria, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Hyperphosphatemia is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the blood of more than 1.46 mmol / l. The causes may be kidney disease, pathology of the parathyroid glands, severe general somatic diseases. The brightness of the clinical picture varies from the complete absence of symptoms to pronounced signs of hypocalcemia. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the determination of the level of phosphorus in the blood serum. For treatment, restriction of the intake of phosphorus with food, forcing diuresis, and the introduction of drugs that bind phosphorus are used.
Article • Read more →Hypersensitivity of the glans penis may be due to a genetic predisposition, occurs with balanitis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, short frenulum, allergic reactions. It is observed after prolonged abstinence, against the background of hormonal fluctuations in puberty, with emotional overstrain, stress, irritation due to contact with tissue or hygiene products. The cause is established on the basis of the results of the survey, external examination, data from the lidocaine test, and additional studies. Treatment - local and general drug therapy, surgical interventions.
Article • Read more →Hypokalemia is a decrease in plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L (mEq/L). The main cause of this condition is excessive loss of potassium through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include general muscle weakness, increased urination. The greatest danger is the development of cardiac arrhythmias. In addition to determining the concentration of potassium in the serum, the diagnostic search should be aimed at establishing the cause of the electrolyte imbalance. For treatment, potassium deficiency is replenished and the pathology that caused it is treated.
Article • Read more →Hypostenuria is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the relative density of urine less than 1005 g / ml. A decrease in the specific gravity of urine indicates a violation of the concentration function of the kidneys, which occurs with various nephrological diseases, diabetes insipidus, etc. With hypostenuria, urine has a less intense color, sometimes it can be completely transparent. Relative density is examined in the general analysis of urine. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Diarrhea in a child can be caused by physiological factors (malnutrition, stress) or pathological causes, which include intestinal infections, food allergies, inflammatory and drug-induced damage to the intestines. To diagnose the etiological factors of the disease, ultrasound and X-ray imaging of the gastrointestinal tract, coprogram and bacteriological examination of feces, general clinical and serological blood tests are performed. Treatment of diarrhea involves a diet, adequate oral or parenteral rehydration, etiopathogenetic therapy (enterosorbents, antibiotics, probiotics).
Article • Read more →Chilliness is a sign of violation of thermoregulation, which may be accompanied by trophic disorders, vascular diseases, pathology of the peripheral nervous system, endocrinopathies. A person may feel a general chilliness, chilliness of the hands or feet in conditions of normal ambient temperature. To determine the etiological factor of chilliness, electrophysiological (ENMG), radiation (X-ray and CT scan of the spine, angiography), ultrasound (USDG of peripheral vessels) diagnostics are performed. Treatment includes medication, physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises, IRT.
Article • Read more →Changes in the feces are various, laboratory-determined indicators of the general analysis of feces, indicating a disorder in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Macro- and microscopic deviations from the norm may indicate nutritional errors, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, pancreatic secretory insufficiency, diseases of the biliary tract. Changes in the feces are detected during the study of the coprogram. Depending on the root cause, a diet, enzyme preparations, and gastroprotectors are prescribed. In case of surgical pathology, surgical treatment is indicated.
Article • Read more →Changes in the urine are deviations from the norm of laboratory parameters of urine. They include a change in the amount of urine excreted (oliguria, polyuria), physicochemical properties (hypo- and hyperstenuria), the presence of impurities (bacteriuria, hematuria, pyuria, etc.). May indicate infectious inflammation, endocrine disorders, damage to the kidneys, liver, the presence of stones. Changes in the urine are diagnosed using laboratory tests: general and biochemical analysis, bakposev, functional tests. Treatment depends on the cause of the identified disorders.
Article • Read more →Crystalluria is the presence of various crystalline inclusions in the urine. It can occur both in healthy people and be a sign of a serious illness. Diagnostic value is the type of crystals, their number, as well as repeated detection during repeated studies. Some crystals can change the color of urine. Prolonged crystalluria is considered one of the main risk factors for the development of urolithiasis. Crystalluria is detected by microscopic examination of the urinary sediment in a general urinalysis. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Bloody discharge from the vagina is the appearance of brown, brownish or sanious discharge from the female genital tract. The symptom is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, general weakness, and sometimes fever. Bloody discharge normally occurs in the early postpartum period, a connection with the pathology of pregnancy, inflammatory diseases, neoplasms, genital injuries is possible. To establish the cause that caused spotting, ultrasound, gynecological examination, colposcopy, and tests are performed. To stop the bleeding or bleeding, therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Article • Read more →Leukocyturia is a pathological condition characterized by a high concentration of leukocytes in the urine. The cause may be urinary tract infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. In rare cases, leukocyturia is a sign of oncological pathology or graft rejection. By itself, leukocyturia has no clinical symptoms. Rarely, with a large number of cells, urine can become cloudy. The level of leukocytes is determined in the general analysis of urine, the study of the Nechiporenko, Kakovsky-Addis samples. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Lymphocytosis is an increase in the content of lymphocytes above 4000 (or 40%) in 1 µl of blood. The cause is acute viral diseases, some chronic bacterial infections, malignant hematological diseases, etc. Clinical manifestations are determined by the nosology against which lymphocytosis developed. The level of lymphocytes is examined in venous or capillary blood when calculating the leukocyte formula of the general blood test. To correct lymphocytosis, a fight against the cause is carried out, i.e. treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →A mask-like face (hypomimia) is observed in a number of neurological and mental diseases: Parkinson's disease, myopathies, paresis of the facial nerve, catatonia, depressive, generalized anxiety, hysterical and bipolar affective disorders. Detected in hypothyroidism and scleroderma. The reason for the development of a mask-like face is established on the basis of a survey, anamnestic data, the results of a neurological examination and additional studies. Treatment - dopaminergic drugs, psychotropic drugs, physiotherapy, surgery.
Article • Read more →Breast engorgement can be physiological or pathological. It is detected during periods of hormonal changes, may indicate the presence of endocrine disorders, accompanies some diseases of the breast. In newborns, it is found during a sexual crisis. It is manifested by swelling, soreness, hardening of the nipples and mammary gland. The cause of engorgement is determined on the basis of survey data, general and gynecological examination, ultrasound results, endoscopic techniques, and laboratory tests. Self-medication until the cause is clarified is not shown.
Article • Read more →Violation of thermoregulation is a deviation of body temperature from normal values, which is usually accompanied by general malaise, body aches, and headaches. The symptom is caused by various reasons: external temperature factors, infectious processes, systemic inflammatory diseases, pathology of the endocrine organs, malignant tumors. To identify the etiological factor that caused thermoregulatory disorders, clinical and serological blood tests, a bacteriological method, and instrumental diagnostics are prescribed. Until the cause of the disorder is established, antipyretics are used with caution.
Article • Read more →Neutropenia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of neutrophils below 1500 in 1 µl of peripheral blood. The causes can be various bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, medications. The level of neutrophils is examined in a general blood test. To correct this pathology, the underlying disease is treated. In severe neutropenia, drugs are used that stimulate the formation of bone marrow leukocytes.
Article • Read more →Irregular periods are observed during periods of hormonal changes, are observed with ovarian and progesterone insufficiency, some endocrine diseases and mental disorders. It is possible to both decrease and increase the duration of the cycle with its constant fluctuations. The cause of the violation is determined on the basis of complaints, data from a general and gynecological examination, and the results of instrumental and laboratory studies. Treatment in most cases is hormone replacement therapy. Sometimes surgery is required.
Article • Read more →Low body temperature (hypothermia) is a temperature drop below 35 degrees. The condition occurs with physical and nervous exhaustion of the body, endocrine pathology, intoxication and other urgent situations. To establish the causes of hypothermia, physical diagnosis is carried out, extended blood tests, electrocardiography and radiological methods are prescribed. To normalize the low temperature, methods of physical warming, vitamin and general strengthening agents are used.
Article • Read more →Generalized sweating (generalized hyperhidrosis) is increased sweating over the entire surface of the body. The disorder may be accompanied by weakness, redness of the skin, and an increase in general temperature. The most common causes of hyperhidrosis are menopause and other endocrine disorders, prolonged infectious diseases, and poisoning. To establish the origin of general sweating, quantitative and qualitative tests, instrumental imaging methods, and laboratory tests are carried out. The elimination of unpleasant symptoms consists in the treatment of the underlying pathology.
Article • Read more →A limited vocabulary is typical for children with general underdevelopment of speech and intellectual disabilities, patients with encephalopathies of various origins, dementia, aphasia, epilepsy, mental disorders. Limited vocabulary does not allow you to fully express your thoughts, answer questions in detail, and communicate with others. Diagnostics has two vectors: establishing the cause of a depleted vocabulary (MRI of the brain, EEG, pathopsychological testing) and qualitative and quantitative assessment of vocabulary (speech therapy examination). Expansion of vocabulary is carried out against the background of therapy for the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Leg numbness is observed with neuropathies, dorsopathy, traumatic and non-traumatic lesions of the spinal cord and brain, diseases of the arteries and veins, hypovitaminosis, vegetative-vascular dystonia, and mental disorders. It can be temporary or permanent, spread throughout the limb or cover a specific area. Often combined with a feeling of "crawling", muscle weakness. To determine the cause of numbness, a survey, general and neurological examination, ultrasound, electrophysiological, laboratory studies are carried out. In the course of treatment, NSAIDs, vitamins, vasodilators and painkillers, physiotherapy are used.
Article • Read more →Numbness of the hand is noted with damage to peripheral nerves, nerve plexuses and roots, some other neurological diseases, injuries, vascular diseases. Occurs constantly or worries periodically, combined with pain, paresthesia, weakness, muscle atrophy. The etiology of numbness is determined taking into account the history, data from a general and neurological examination, EFI, radiography, MRI, CT, and laboratory tests. Treatment includes painkillers, medicines to improve blood circulation and reduce muscle tone, vitamin preparations, and physiotherapy.
Article • Read more →Foot numbness most often occurs with neurological and vascular pathologies, diabetes mellitus. Sometimes the cause of the symptom is trauma, angiotrophoneurosis, mental disorders. Numbness can be temporary or permanent, cover one or both feet, combined with pain, paresthesia, walking disorders. The nature of the disease is established on the basis of survey data, general and neurological examination, ultrasound and electrophysiological techniques, and other studies. Treatment includes antispasmodics, B vitamins, anticoagulants, blockades, physiotherapy.
Article • Read more →Cheek swelling occurs with dental diseases, some types of allergies, traumatic injuries, skin, otolaryngological, endocrine, ophthalmic, neurological, and some other pathologies. More often it is unilateral, it can be local or widespread. Sometimes accompanied by pain, weakness, local and general hyperthermia. The cause of swelling is established by clarifying complaints, anamnesis of the disease, general, dental, otolaryngological or ophthalmological examination, radiography, and other methods.
Article • Read more →Edema is an interstitial accumulation of fluid that leads to an increase in the size of body parts. Most often, edema occurs with cardiac diseases, allergic reactions, kidney pathologies, venous insufficiency. By localization, they can be generalized and localized (swelling of the face, legs, arms, genitals, etc.). The minimum diagnostic volume includes a physical examination, chest Rg, ECG, ultrasound (heart, liver, kidney, limb veins), allergy tests, laboratory tests (OAM, electrolytes, proteinogram, etc.). Treatment is aimed at eliminating the identified cause of edema.
Article • Read more →Swelling of the face occurs due to fluid retention in the soft tissues, accompanied by a change in the contours of the face, giving the impression of puffiness. In a severe case, the face resembles a pillow, the features are deformed. The symptom is caused by physiological causes, allergic reactions, some endocrine and somatic diseases, exogenous intoxications. A connection with external factors, time of day, and the general condition of the patient can be detected. To determine the cause, an external examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies are carried out. Treatment until the cause of facial edema is more often not indicated, with allergies, antiallergic drugs are taken.
Article • Read more →The sensation of a foreign body in the throat is observed in acute infections, otolaryngological, gastroenterological, oncological diseases, allergies, thyroid lesions, vertebrogenic pathologies, traumatic injuries, mental disorders. May be accompanied by perspiration, burning, tingling, scratching. The cause of the symptom is established according to the history, general examination, pharyngoscopy, laryngoscopy, ultrasound, MRI, laboratory tests. Apply painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics.
Article • Read more →Elevated blood pressure is observed both in essential hypertension and in symptomatic forms of hypertension that are associated with diseases of the kidneys, central nervous system, and endocrine system. In healthy individuals, a short-term increase in pressure occurs in stressful situations, with the “white coat syndrome”. To diagnose the causes, laboratory tests are prescribed - general and biochemical blood tests, lipid and hormonal profiles, and an assessment of GFR. Instrumental methods are used - ECG, echocardiography, ultrasound of the kidneys and endocrine glands. Relief of the symptom includes lifestyle changes, antihypertensive drugs, elimination of the causes of the symptom.
Article • Read more →Reduced blood pressure is normally observed in young people with an asthenic constitution, athletes, residents of high mountains. Common pathological causes of the symptom include: nutritional deficiency, anemia, neurocirculatory dystonia, various endocrine diseases. To identify the etiological factors of low blood pressure, a general and biochemical blood test, an assessment of the hormonal profile, instrumental methods (ECG, EchoCG) and functional tests are carried out. In addition to etiotropic therapy, adaptogens, nootropics, vitamin-mineral complexes are used to relieve symptoms.
Article • Read more →Pinching of the tongue is noted with glossalgia, glossodynia, desquamative glossitis, xerostomia, oral candidiasis, dental diseases, and allergic reactions. It may be due to the use of certain foods and drinks, smoking, taking medications. To determine the cause of the symptom, a survey and dental examination are carried out, ultrasonography, sialography, electromyography, other instrumental studies, and laboratory techniques are used. Treatment includes drugs of general and local action, physiotherapy.
Article • Read more →Reticulocytosis is an increase in the concentration of reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in the peripheral blood by more than 1% of the number of all erythrocytes. The main cause is various anemia (posthemorrhagic, hemolytic), as well as pathological conditions that cause general hypoxia in the body. The leading place in the clinical picture is occupied by anemic syndrome - pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, palpitations. The level of reticulocytes is examined in the general blood test (CBC). To correct reticulocytosis, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Photophobia accompanies some primary, secondary cephalgia, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral circulatory disorders, general infections, injuries, inflammatory and non-inflammatory eye diseases. In case of neurological pathologies, it can be combined with general cerebral and focal symptoms, with infections - with intoxication syndrome, with eye diseases - with lacrimation, blurred vision. To determine the cause of photophobia, data from a survey, neurological and ophthalmological examination, and additional studies are used. Treatment - antimicrobial and antihistamines, immunomodulators, surgical interventions.
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