Cylindruria is a laboratory syndrome characterized by the detection of cylinders in the urine. Cylinders are proteinaceous formations that are casts of the distal tubules and collecting ducts. The cause of cylindruria is various kidney diseases and severe somatic conditions. These elements can be detected by microscopic examination of the urine sediment. To eliminate cylindruria, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.
Read more →Chyluria is the presence of an admixture of lymph in the urine. In appearance, urine resembles diluted milk, sometimes with a pinkish tint. A laboratory symptom occurs when there is an abnormal communication between the urinary and lymphatic tracts. It is detected with filariasis, compression of the lymphatic ducts by tumors, post-traumatic and post-tuberculosis scars, inflammatory infiltrates. Chyluria is determined by the results of a general urine test. To determine the cause of the violation, microscopy of a blood smear for filariae is prescribed, imaging techniques for examining the condition of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Read more →An increase in ESR is an excess of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the blood of more than 10 mm / h in men and 15 mm / h in women. Acceleration of ESR is a non-specific laboratory marker, it can be caused by infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and oncological diseases. Very often occurs together with leukocytosis and fever. The main clinical picture is determined by the pathology, against which there was an increase in ESR. The ESR indicator is examined manually or automatically in venous or capillary blood, usually in the morning before meals and medications. To correct the indicator, the treatment of the disease that caused the increase in ESR is carried out.
Read more →Thrombocytosis is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the content of platelets in the blood. The cause of this phenomenon is infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies, as well as malignant tumors of the hematopoietic system. In children, it often occurs against the background of iron deficiency anemia. The clinical picture may be different and is determined by the underlying disease. The level of platelets, as part of a complete blood count, is examined in venous or capillary blood. To correct thrombocytosis, the disease against which it developed is treated.
Read more →Reticulocytosis is an increase in the concentration of reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in the peripheral blood by more than 1% of the number of all erythrocytes. The main cause is various anemia (posthemorrhagic, hemolytic), as well as pathological conditions that cause general hypoxia in the body. The leading place in the clinical picture is occupied by anemic syndrome - pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, palpitations. The level of reticulocytes is examined in the general blood test (CBC). To correct reticulocytosis, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease.
Read more →Proteinuria is an increase in the concentration of protein in the urine of more than 150 mg per day. The range of etiological factors of this condition is extremely wide - from emotional stress and the common cold, accompanied by high fever, to severe kidney disease, systemic autoimmune processes and oncohematological diseases. Severe proteinuria within the framework of nephrotic syndrome is clinically manifested by peripheral edema on the face and lower extremities. There are many methods for determining protein in urine. Traditionally, a clinical urinalysis is used as the primary examination. Correction of proteinuria is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Read more →Polyuria is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in urine output of more than 3 liters per day. It must be distinguished from pollakiuria (frequent urination with a normal daily volume of urine). Polyuria occurs with pathologies of the endocrine system, kidney disease or mental disorders. Polyuria is almost always naturally accompanied by polydipsia, i.e. increased fluid intake due to intense thirst. The condition is diagnosed by quantitative measurement of excreted urine per day. Correction consists in treating the underlying disease.
Read more →Pyuria is the release of a large number of leukocytes, bacteria, necrotic cells of the urinary tract epithelium. It is observed in infectious and inflammatory diseases, purulent processes with damage to the urinary system and genital organs. Found in sepsis. It is detected by the results of a clinical analysis of urine, a three-glass sample. To determine the pathogen, bacterioscopy and urine culture are performed. Ultrasound, X-ray and endoscopic techniques are used to clarify the diagnosis. Treatment includes surgery, antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy.
Read more →Oliguria is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in urine output (less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hours). Causes can range from insufficient fluid intake or long-term medication to severe kidney disease or shock. Oliguria indicates a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, i.e. there is a violation of the excretion of products of nitrogen metabolism, which leads to their accumulation in the body. Correction is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Read more →Neutrophilia (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of neutrophils over 6500 (in a child under 6 years old over 4500) in 1 μl of blood. The cause is bacterial infections, purulent-septic processes, inflammatory, oncological diseases. There are no specific clinical signs in neutrophilia, the symptoms depend on the underlying pathology. The level of neutrophils is determined as part of the calculation of the leukocyte hemogram formula. To correct neutrophilia, the disease against which it developed is treated.
Read more →