Noise in the ears (tinnitus) is a symptom in which a person hears extraneous sounds (crackling, ringing, hum) in the absence of their obvious source. There are several etiological factors of this condition: exposure to loud sounds, diseases and tumors of the hearing organ, hypertension and other vascular disorders. To determine the cause of tinnitus, audiometry with tuning fork tests, X-ray examination of the skull, angiography, otoscopy, and laboratory tests are performed. To stop the symptom, methods of psychotherapy, sedative phytopreparations are used.
Read more →Stamping gait is observed when deep sensitivity is disturbed against the background of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system: injuries, tumors, hemorrhages in the brain and spinal cord, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord, polyneuropathies of various etiologies, multiple sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-Barré syndrome. The etiology of the disorder is established on the basis of an anamnesis, data from a general and neurological examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Vitamins, nootropics, cholinesterase agents, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical methods are used in the treatment.
Read more →Shaky (atactic) gait is observed with damage to the cerebellum and thalamus, sometimes occurs with pathology of the frontal lobes associated with the cerebellum. It is provoked by tumors, traumas, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, purulent processes, intoxications, vascular formations, circulatory disorders. It is found in some hereditary diseases. It is diagnosed on the basis of anamnesis data, gait studies, neurological examination, EEG, CT, MRI, laboratory tests. Treatment includes antibacterial, vascular, detoxification therapy, restorative agents, exercise therapy, and surgery.
Read more →A shuffling gait is detected in secondary parkinsonism, corticobasal degeneration, various types of multisystem atrophy, Parkinson's disease, Binswanger's, Pick's, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's, and some other extrapyramidal and mixed disorders. Sometimes it is found in old age in the absence of neurological diseases, it develops with depression. The cause is determined by the results of the survey, neurological examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes antiparkinsonian, vascular, neurotropic drugs, surgical interventions.
Read more →Sneezing normally occurs under the influence of chemical or physical irritants of the nasal mucosa, when in a dry room, pregnancy. A pathological symptom occurs in acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis and nasal polyps. Diagnosis includes anterior and posterior rhinoscopy, radiography of the paranasal sinuses, microbiological and cytological analysis of a nasal swab. Local therapy is carried out with nasal drops with hormones, antibiotics, immunomodulators. Treatment is supplemented with antihistamines and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, allergen-specific immunotherapy, and surgical methods.
Read more →Cylindruria is a laboratory syndrome characterized by the detection of cylinders in the urine. Cylinders are proteinaceous formations that are casts of the distal tubules and collecting ducts. The cause of cylindruria is various kidney diseases and severe somatic conditions. These elements can be detected by microscopic examination of the urine sediment. To eliminate cylindruria, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.
Read more →Lameness develops with injuries, degenerative and inflammatory diseases of bones, joints, soft tissues, vascular diseases, neurological, dermatological pathologies. It can occur due to pain, limb deformity, paresis, circulatory disorders. Lameness can be constant, intermittent, or intermittent. The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis, examination data, radiography, CT, and other studies. Before determining the cause of lameness, it is possible to use additional devices (canes, crutches), in some cases, it is acceptable to take analgesics.
Read more →Chorea is a type of hyperkinesis in which involuntary movements are observed, resembling normal ones, but differing from them in irregularity, disorder and randomness. It is detected in Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, Lesch-Nychen syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, and other hereditary pathologies. It briefly occurs in childhood with rheumatic diseases and lesions of the upper respiratory tract. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, additional studies. Antipsychotics are used to eliminate chorea. Surgical treatment is ineffective.
Read more →Cold sweat is excessive sweating, which is accompanied by cold skin, chills. The symptom occurs against the background of weakness, dizziness. There are various reasons for the development of cold sweat: disorders of the autonomic nervous system, blood loss and other emergency conditions, endocrine and cardiac diseases. To identify the cause of the disorder, ECG, echocardiography, ultrasound, x-ray imaging methods, and laboratory tests are used. To eliminate cold sweat, the underlying disease is treated.
Read more →Chyluria is the presence of an admixture of lymph in the urine. In appearance, urine resembles diluted milk, sometimes with a pinkish tint. A laboratory symptom occurs when there is an abnormal communication between the urinary and lymphatic tracts. It is detected with filariasis, compression of the lymphatic ducts by tumors, post-traumatic and post-tuberculosis scars, inflammatory infiltrates. Chyluria is determined by the results of a general urine test. To determine the cause of the violation, microscopy of a blood smear for filariae is prescribed, imaging techniques for examining the condition of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Read more →Febrile body temperature is an increase in thermometer readings from 38 to 39 degrees, which is manifested by a feeling of heat, headache, tachycardia and rapid breathing. It develops with some viral and all bacterial infections, inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, brain damage. To verify the cause of fever, a blood culture study, serological reactions, ultrasound, and radiography are used. To reduce fever, physical methods of cooling are prescribed in combination with antipyretic drugs.
Read more →Frequent urination (pollakiuria) is observed with cystitis, a decrease in the volume of the detrusor, urethritis, STIs, kidney diseases, and some andrological, gynecological and endocrine pathologies. Sometimes it has a psychogenic nature. The cause of the symptom is established based on the data of the survey, physical examination, the results of laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment includes the appointment of antibiotics, NSAIDs, hormones and other drugs, non-drug methods, and surgical interventions.
Read more →Duck gait is detected in congenital and acquired diseases of the hip joint, Kashin-Beck disease, osteomalacia of various origins, myopathies, Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Can be single or double sided. The reason is established on the basis of anamnestic data, the results of a survey, an external examination, a neurological examination, radiography, CT, electrophysiological studies, and other instrumental and laboratory techniques. Treatment is determined by the etiology of the disorder, includes drug therapy, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical interventions.
Read more →Acceleration of movements (tachykinesia) is observed in hyperactivity syndrome, bipolar disorder, delirious disorder, schizophrenia and neuroleptic syndrome. Accompanied by impatience and restlessness, which decrease against the background of physical activity. To determine the cause of the symptom, the patient is interviewed, they talk with relatives, study the anamnesis of life and disease, and according to indications, instrumental and laboratory tests are prescribed. Treatment is neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, other drugs, psychotherapy, sometimes ECT.
Read more →Compaction in the chest occurs with inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases, benign and malignant tumors of the mammary gland. May be the result of trauma, surgery and aesthetic operations. It is a smooth or bumpy area of tissue of increased density. It can be combined with pain, deformity, discharge from the nipple, and other symptoms. The cause of compaction in the chest is established according to the survey, external examination, ultrasound, mammography, MRI, biopsy, laboratory tests. Self-medication is not indicated, it is urgent to consult a specialist.
Read more →A decrease in the number of movements (oligokinesia) is a typical manifestation of various forms of parkinsonism: primary or symptomatic, parkinsonism-plus. It occurs in temporal lobe epilepsy, some encephalopathies and mental disorders. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, results of a neurological examination and additional diagnostic procedures. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, symptomatic agents. Surgical interventions are carried out according to indications.
Read more →Suffocation is a pronounced lack of air, an extreme manifestation of shortness of breath, accompanied by a feeling of fear of death. It is caused by diseases of the respiratory tract, cardiovascular pathology, chest injuries and other conditions. Asphyxiation is diagnosed on the basis of clinical data, its causes are established using radiation diagnostics, functional examination, and endoscopy. When providing emergency care, it is necessary to ensure adequate ventilation of the respiratory tract. Further treatment depends on the cause of this condition.
Read more →Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes (cervical lymphadenopathy) is the presence on the lateral and posterior surface of the neck of formations of lymphoid tissue larger than 5 mm, having an elastic or dense texture. The symptom is observed with viral and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory processes in the oropharynx, tumor formations of the neck and head. To determine the cause of lymphadenopathy, ultrasound, puncture biopsy, lymphography, and laboratory tests are prescribed. Symptoms are relieved with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, antiseptics.
Read more →An increase in ESR is an excess of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the blood of more than 10 mm / h in men and 15 mm / h in women. Acceleration of ESR is a non-specific laboratory marker, it can be caused by infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and oncological diseases. Very often occurs together with leukocytosis and fever. The main clinical picture is determined by the pathology, against which there was an increase in ESR. The ESR indicator is examined manually or automatically in venous or capillary blood, usually in the morning before meals and medications. To correct the indicator, the treatment of the disease that caused the increase in ESR is carried out.
Read more →An increase in the submandibular lymph nodes (submandibular lymphadenopathy) is the presence of lymphoid formations with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm at the edge of the lower jaw. The affected nodes have a rigid or stony texture. The symptom is observed in ARVI, diseases of the tonsils, infectious, dental and oncopathology. To clarify the cause of submandibular lymphadenopathy, ultrasound, lymphography, CT, MRI, biopsy of lymph nodes, laboratory tests, instrumental examinations of specialized specialists are prescribed. To alleviate the condition, analgesics are used, with obvious signs of acute respiratory viral infections, tonsillitis, tonsillitis and stomatitis, mouth rinses with antiseptics are recommended.
Read more →Enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (axillary lymphadenopathy) is an excessive growth of lymphoid formations in the armpits, in which palpable nodes appear more than 1 cm in diameter. The symptom is observed in inflammatory diseases and breast cancer, hemoblastoses, infectious processes. To identify the root causes of axillary lymphadenopathy, ultrasound, x-ray, cytological, and laboratory studies are performed. The appointment of medications is indicated only after the establishment of the disease that provoked lymphoid hyperplasia.
Read more →An increase in inguinal lymph nodes (inguinal lymphadenopathy) is an overgrowth of lymphoid tissue in the groin with the formation of palpable nodes more than 1 cm in diameter. The symptom occurs with various genitourinary infections, inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, malignant neoplasms. To clarify the cause of inguinal lymphadenopathy, an ultrasound examination and a biopsy of the lymph nodes, laboratory tests are performed. In order to reduce pain, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.
Read more →An increase in the volume of the abdomen is noted during pregnancy, occurs due to diseases of the digestive system, female genital organs. It is observed in some cardiovascular, endocrine, childhood diseases. It is formed against the background of fetal growth, the appearance of fatty deposits, the progression of tumors, an increase in the size of parenchymal or stretching of hollow organs, extraorganic fluid accumulation. The cause is determined according to the examination, ultrasound, radiography, other instrumental and laboratory studies.
Read more →An increase in lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) is a change in the size, consistency and mobility of the peripheral organs of the lymphatic system. A combination of a symptom with an increase in temperature, a change in the condition of the skin, an increase in the liver and spleen is possible. Lymphadenopathy is detected in infectious diseases, immunoproliferative, dysmetabolic and tumor processes, taking certain drugs. To clarify the causes of enlarged lymph nodes, ultrasound, radiological, radionuclide, tomographic, cytological, laboratory methods are used. Until a diagnosis is made, no treatment is usually given.
Read more →An increase in the number of movements is observed in mental and narcological diseases. It is detected in mania, anxiety spectrum disorders, delirium, dementia, alcohol dependence, cocaine addiction and opium addiction. Often combined with psycho-emotional arousal, sometimes with agitation. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, and the results of special tests. If an organic etiology is suspected, instrumental and laboratory studies are carried out. Treatment - psychotherapy, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, complex addiction therapy.
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