Hyperfibrinogenemia is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood over 4 g/l. In addition to its important role in blood coagulation, fibrinogen is one of the major acute phase proteins. Therefore, any kind of cellular or tissue damage or inflammation is accompanied by an increase in the production of this protein. The cause of hyperfibrinogenemia can be acute infections, injuries, burns, etc. The level of fibrinogen is examined in blood plasma as part of a standard coagulogram. Correction is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Hypofibrinogenemia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the content of fibrinogen in the blood below 2 g / l. Fibrinogen is the main protein of the hemostasis system; a thrombus is formed from it, which stops bleeding when the vascular wall is damaged. Hypofibrinogenemia is clinically manifested by hemorrhagic syndrome and can develop as a result of complications of pregnancy, against the background of the administration of drugs, with severe liver diseases, etc. The level of fibrinogen is examined in the blood plasma as a component of the coagulogram along with INR, APTT, thrombin time. Correction of this condition is carried out by introducing fresh frozen plasma and eliminating the etiological factor.
Hypophosphatemia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the blood plasma below 0.9 mmol / l. There can be many reasons for hypophosphatemia: insufficient intake from food, diseases of the kidneys, parathyroid glands, etc. The main clinical manifestations include muscle weakness, up to paralysis, and disorders of higher nervous activity in the form of lethargy, drowsiness. The diagnosis is established on the basis of determining the level of phosphates in the blood. As a treatment, phosphate deficiency is replenished and the underlying disease is treated.
Crystalluria is the presence of various crystalline inclusions in the urine. It can occur both in healthy people and be a sign of a serious illness. Diagnostic value is the type of crystals, their number, as well as repeated detection during repeated studies. Some crystals can change the color of urine. Prolonged crystalluria is considered one of the main risk factors for the development of urolithiasis. Crystalluria is detected by microscopic examination of the urinary sediment in a general urinalysis. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.
Monocytopenia is a laboratory syndrome in which there is a decrease in the level of monocytes below 500 in 1 μl of blood. Isolated monocytopenia is extremely rare. Most often, it is combined with a decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) or with a drop in the content of all blood cells (pancytopenia). The cause of monocytopenia can be severe bacterial infections, malignant myeloproliferative diseases, oppression of hematopoiesis, etc. The level of monocytes is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction of this condition is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Neutropenia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of neutrophils below 1500 in 1 µl of peripheral blood. The causes can be various bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, medications. The level of neutrophils is examined in a general blood test. To correct this pathology, the underlying disease is treated. In severe neutropenia, drugs are used that stimulate the formation of bone marrow leukocytes.
Tonic convulsions are sharp and prolonged muscle contractions, in which the limb or the whole body freezes in a forced position. They are local and generalized, accompanied by pain, dysfunction of other systems. Convulsions manifest infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, intoxications, etc. Neurological examination, laboratory tests (general, biochemical, molecular genetic), functional methods help to find out the cause. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and correcting the underlying pathology.
Cylindruria is a laboratory syndrome characterized by the detection of cylinders in the urine. Cylinders are proteinaceous formations that are casts of the distal tubules and collecting ducts. The cause of cylindruria is various kidney diseases and severe somatic conditions. These elements can be detected by microscopic examination of the urine sediment. To eliminate cylindruria, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.
Eosinopenia is a laboratory phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the content of eosinophils less than 100 in 1 µl of blood. It is a rather rare occurrence and can occur in severe cases of various infectious diseases, pathologies accompanied by hypercortisolism, and some allergic reactions. The level of eosinophils is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.