Bitter eructation is an involuntary throwing of air and liquid contents into the oral cavity due to contraction of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, after which the patient feels the taste of bitterness in the mouth. Episodic erection may be associated with nutritional errors, but more often regurgitation is observed in diseases of the biliary system and duodenal-pancreatic zone. To determine the cause of the symptom, X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound and laboratory studies are carried out. To stop belching, prokinetics, antispasmodics and choleretic agents are used.
Article • Read more →Myoclonus is involuntary movements, fast jerky contractions of individual muscles or their groups. The musculature of the limbs, trunk, or face is usually involved without loss of consciousness. Myoclonus are physiological or pathological, the development of which is associated with epilepsy, degenerative and infectious diseases, metabolic-hypoxic disorders. Diagnosis is carried out by clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods (MRI, EEG). Treatment involves the elimination of reversible conditions and supportive care.
Article • Read more →Belching with air is an involuntary discharge into the oral cavity of a mixture of gases contained in the stomach or intestines. Usually occurs in physically healthy people with food errors or increased intra-abdominal pressure. May indicate damage to the digestive tract, functional disorders. To clarify the causes of belching (eructation) with air, endoscopy, ultrasound, abdominal radiography, a study of gastric secretion, and laboratory tests are used. Belching of gastric gases decreases with diet correction, taking sedative decoctions, herbal remedies, prokinetics and enterosorbents.
Article • Read more →Perseveration is a persistent compulsive repetition of a mental, emotional or motor act. Perseverative thinking is characterized by constantly pondering one idea without developing it. Emotional perseverations are realized by “getting stuck” on the experience of a certain emotion. Perseverative motor skills - repetitive reproduction of one movement, a motor complex. With speech perseverations, involuntary repetition of a word or phrase is observed. Clinical methods, neuropsychological tests are used for diagnosis. Symptomatic care includes psychocorrection, psychotherapy, medication.
Article • Read more →Vomiting is an involuntary reflex eruption of the contents of the stomach, less often the intestines through the esophagus, pharynx, oral cavity or nasal passages. Physiologically, the gag reflex performs a protective function, ensuring the removal of toxic substances and metabolites from the body. It is observed in case of poisoning, intestinal infections, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cerebral pathology, acute and terminal conditions, endogenous intoxications, etc. It is diagnosed using endoscopy, ultrasound, radiography, CT, MRI of various organs and systems, electrophysiological studies, laboratory tests. To alleviate the patient's condition, sedatives and antiemetics are used.
Article • Read more →Cramps are sudden involuntary contractions that involve individual muscle groups or the entire body. Tonic-clonic paroxysms are accompanied by loss of consciousness, urination, respiratory failure. Causes of seizures include organic pathology of the central nervous system, toxic and metabolic damage to neurons, hyperthermia, and other disorders. Diagnosis is carried out using CT and MRI of the brain, EEG, laboratory tests. In complex treatment, anticonvulsants, pathogenetic and etiotropic therapy, and surgical correction are used.
Article • Read more →Tic is a type of hyperkinesis. Represents involuntary stereotyped movements that resemble arbitrary. In most cases, it occurs in childhood. It is provoked by neuroses, residual organic insufficiency due to harmful effects in the prenatal period and early childhood. Seen in Tourette's syndrome. Sometimes it occurs secondary to other CNS lesions. The cause is determined on the basis of a survey, examination, data from a psychodiagnostic examination, CT, MRI, and other procedures. Treatment - psychotherapy, psychocorrection, drug therapy, physiotherapy. Operations are sometimes shown.
Article • Read more →Tremor is a movement disorder that is manifested by involuntary rhythmic fluctuations in various parts of the body, arising from the stereotypically repeated contraction and relaxation of the muscles. Most often, hyperkinesis covers the hands, head, feet, severe trembling limits the physical, social and professional activity of patients. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis data, neurological examination, results of additional studies (laboratory tests, neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods). Tremor treatment involves eliminating the cause, symptomatic correction.
Article • Read more →Tremor at rest accompanies Parkinson's disease, juvenile and secondary parkinsonism, some degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Represents involuntary oscillatory movements at rest. May be combined with other types of tremor, muscle rigidity, hypokinesia, gait disturbances, postural disorders. To determine the cause of the symptom, a neurological examination is performed, MRI, electrophysiological studies, SPECT, PET-CT are prescribed. Treatment is with antiparkinsonian drugs, sometimes including surgery.
Article • Read more →Chin tremor is an involuntary rhythmic trembling of the muscles of the lower jaw. The symptom accompanies various conditions in children and adults: parkinsonism, perinatal pathology of the central nervous system, hydrocephalus, etc. Tremor is rarely isolated, usually combined with other manifestations (cerebral, focal). Comprehensive diagnostics includes laboratory tests, tomography, neurophysiological methods. Medications are prescribed that affect the symptoms, developmental mechanisms and causes of trembling, in some cases, neurosurgical intervention is necessary.
Article • Read more →Chorea is a type of hyperkinesis in which involuntary movements are observed, resembling normal ones, but differing from them in irregularity, disorder and randomness. It is detected in Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, Lesch-Nychen syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, and other hereditary pathologies. It briefly occurs in childhood with rheumatic diseases and lesions of the upper respiratory tract. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, additional studies. Antipsychotics are used to eliminate chorea. Surgical treatment is ineffective.
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