Basophilia (basophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of basophils more than 150 in 1 μl of blood or more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. It often accompanies eosinophilia, since basophils and eosinophils are jointly involved in many pathological reactions. The causes of basophilia are allergic, inflammatory, oncohematological diseases. There are no specific manifestations, the clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Measurement of the level of basophils is carried out in the general blood test. To eliminate basophilia, it is necessary to treat the disease against which it arose.
Chest pain on the left is pain sensations of a compressive, stabbing, pressing nature, which are localized in the left half of the chest. Most often, the symptom is caused by coronary and non-coronary heart diseases, pain is observed with inflammation of the left lung and pleura, collagenosis, and gastrointestinal pathology. To establish the cause of the pain syndrome, an ECG, ultrasound of the heart, chest x-ray, clinical and bacteriological studies are performed, and invasive diagnostic methods are used. Nitroglycerin and NSAIDs are used to relieve pain, etiotropic drugs are selected after the underlying disease is identified.
Chest pain (thoracalgia) is pain in the chest of varying nature and intensity. Soreness often radiates to the arm, shoulder blade, collarbone. The symptom occurs during pathological processes in the lungs, mediastinal organs, with damage to the heart, neuromuscular apparatus. Sometimes the chest hurts in diseases of the abdominal organs. To establish the cause of thoracalgia, ultrasound and X-ray of the chest organs, EGDS are performed, the abdominal cavity is examined, and laboratory tests are prescribed. To relieve pain, analgesics, NSAIDs, physiotherapy methods are used.
Pain in the knee is a sign of pathological processes affecting the cartilage, bone or soft tissue structures of the femoral-tibial and femoral-patellar joints. Arthralgia can be based on injuries, inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the articular apparatus and periarticular structures. Patients may complain of sharp, aching, burning, throbbing and other types of pain that occur at rest or when moving, supporting, bending and unbending the leg at the knee. Diagnosis of causative pathology includes methods of instrumental imaging (Rg, ultrasound, CT or MRI, arthroscopy), puncture of the articular bag, biochemical and immunological analyzes. Until the diagnosis is clarified, rest, joint immobilization, NSAIDs and analgesics are recommended.
Pain in the left hypochondrium most often develops with pathologies of the abdominal organs: acute and chronic pancreatitis, Payr's syndrome, splenomegaly and traumatic injuries of the spleen. Occasionally, a symptom occurs with lung damage (pneumonia and pleurisy), an atypical form of myocardial infarction, intercostal neuralgia. To diagnose the causes of pain, an instrumental examination is carried out using ultrasound, radiological and radioisotope methods. Treatment includes analgesics, etiopathogenetic agents (enzymes, antibiotics, drugs with antisecretory effect), surgical interventions.
Pain in the elbow joint is a specific discomfort that indicates the presence of a pathological process in the joint itself or surrounding tissues. Often accompanied by swelling, can be combined with hyperemia, hyperthermia, and other symptoms. It can be diffuse, localized, superficial, deep, dull or acute. It varies from mild to unbearable, sometimes depending on the weather, physical activity or time of day. To determine the cause of pain, radiography, ultrasound, MRI, CT, arthroscopy, and laboratory tests are used. NSAIDs, analgesics, physiotherapy procedures are used for relief.
Pain in the fingers occurs when bones, joints, soft tissues, blood vessels, and nerves are affected. It can be dull, acute, weak, intense, constant, intermittent, short-term. Often there is a connection with physical activity, weather conditions, and other factors. Concomitant external disturbances are possible: deformations, changes in color and temperature, edema. To determine the cause of pain in the fingers, the results of a survey, external examination, x-ray examination, and other methods are used. Until the diagnosis is made, rest is recommended, sometimes taking painkillers.
Pain in the shoulder joint is a specific painful sensation caused by damage to the head of the shoulder, glenoid cavity of the scapula, cartilage, capsule, surrounding soft tissues and nearby anatomical formations. It can be acute or dull, constant or transient, aching, pulling, bursting, drilling, etc. Often aggravated by movement. May depend on weather and time of day. To determine the cause of pain, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopy, joint puncture, and laboratory tests are used. Until the diagnosis is clarified, rest, immobilization of the limb, and taking painkillers are indicated.
High body temperature is a violation of thermoregulation, in which the temperature rises above 37 ° C. The symptom is accompanied by headaches, aching muscles, severe weakness, and malaise. Fever often occurs with infectious diseases, but fever may also have a non-infectious origin - endocrine and autoimmune diseases, tumors. Extensive laboratory tests and imaging techniques are performed to determine the cause of hyperthermia. Antipyretics and physical cooling methods usually help bring down the temperature quickly.
Lethargy is a subjective feeling of a lack of vigor and energy, accompanied by a decrease in working capacity and a loss of interest in the usual activities. Often, malaise occurs under the influence of external factors: overwork, overeating, excessive consumption of coffee. Pathological causes also cause symptoms - endocrine and neurological diseases, mental disorders. To clarify the origin of lethargy, laboratory and instrumental methods, neurological and psychiatric examination are used. To improve the condition, a complex of drugs and non-drug effects is used.
Hematuria is a laboratory symptom characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine. The causes may be inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, urolithiasis, malignant neoplasms. Depending on the degree of hematuria, the color of urine can change to red, brown, "the color of meat slops", but in the vast majority of cases it remains unchanged. More than 3-5 erythrocytes in the field of view during microscopy of the urine sediment or more than 1000 in 1 ml when performing the Nechiporenko test is considered to be exceeding the norm. To correct this laboratory phenomenon, the underlying disease is treated.
Hypercholesterolemia is an increase in the concentration of total cholesterol in the blood plasma above 5 mmol / l. The causes of this laboratory abnormality can be varied - from nutritional errors and obesity to endocrine disorders and genetic diseases. Most often clinically asymptomatic. In some cases, xanthomas (nodular formations on the skin in the area of the joints), xanthelasmas (yellowish plaques in the eyelids), and a lipoid arch on the cornea are observed. The level of cholesterol is examined in the venous blood before meals. Correction is carried out with the help of diet and prescription of statins.
Hypoproteinemia is a pathological condition that is characterized by a decrease in the plasma concentration of total protein less than 64 g / l. The causes are starvation, kidney and liver diseases. The clinical picture can be varied - from an asymptomatic course to the appearance of peripheral edema, effusion in the abdominal, thoracic, pericardial cavities, and increased susceptibility to infections. The protein level is examined in plasma on an empty stomach. To eliminate hypoproteinemia, protein deficiency is compensated and the underlying disease is treated.
Dysesthesia is an abnormal sensation of pain, itching, burning, or other discomfort that occurs spontaneously or under the influence of stimuli. It is observed in neuropathies, polyneuropathies, fibromyalgia, radicular syndrome, transverse myelitis, and some other diseases. The cause of occurrence is established on the basis of complaints, medical history, data from electrophysiological, imaging and laboratory methods. Treatment - NSAIDs, antibacterial agents, neurometabolites, physiotherapy. Some patients require surgery.
Burning of the skin occurs with burns, allergic lesions, dermatoses of a viral, bacterial or fungal nature. The symptom is observed in chronic dermatological problems: psoriasis, eczema. Occasionally, burning develops as a component of the clinical picture of senestopathy. To diagnose the etiological factor, dermatoscopy and examination under a Wood's lamp, microscopy of skin scrapings, and histological examination are performed. To stop the burning sensation, external agents with a cooling effect help. Comprehensive treatment includes local and systemic drugs, physiotherapy methods.
Ear congestion is a subjective discomfort in the form of a feeling of pressure in the ear, "fullness" of the ear canal, hearing loss. The symptom is observed with pressure drops, inflammatory diseases of the auditory analyzer and nasopharynx, taking certain medications. To determine the cause of congestion, otoscopy, audiometry, X-ray examination of the bones of the skull, laboratory tests, and the patency of the Eustachian tube are assessed. Medications are prescribed only after determining the disease that has disrupted the functioning of the hearing organ.
Constipation in adults is a decrease in the frequency of stools in adulthood, which is accompanied by a change in the consistency of feces, difficulty and pain during defecation. The symptom is caused by alimentary and psychogenic factors, functional intestinal disorders, inflammatory and tumor processes. To verify the cause of constipation, irrigoscopy, colonoscopy, coprogram and blood tests are performed. To normalize bowel movements, prescribe a special diet, enemas, laxatives.
Chilliness of the hands is observed in healthy people (with stress, hypotension, in old age), with neurological or vascular pathologies - Raynaud's syndrome, vibration disease, nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. Less commonly, a symptom develops against the background of osteochondrosis, hypothyroidism, autoimmune processes. To diagnose the causes of chilliness, ENMG, X-ray studies (X-ray of the hands, CT of the spine, angiography), tests for hormones and autoantibodies are prescribed. To eliminate the symptom, lifestyle correction, the use of medication and physiotherapy techniques are necessary.
A change in appetite is a sudden increase or complete lack of desire to eat, sometimes accompanied by the appearance of atypical taste preferences. It occurs with somatic and infectious diseases, mental illness, hormonal disorders. Psychiatric examination, ultrasound, radiography, blood tests are used to identify the etiology of changes in appetite. To eliminate eating disorders, etiotropic medications, methods of physiotherapy and psychotherapy are used.
Exhaustion is an extreme degree of weight loss (more than 20%), in which the work of various organs and systems is disrupted. The condition is often accompanied by symptoms of nervous exhaustion, weakness, weakness. Exhaustion of the body occurs in anorexia, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cancerous and other types of intoxication. To establish the factors that caused the disorder, ultrasound and X-ray imaging methods, a neurological examination, and laboratory tests are prescribed. To normalize body weight, adequate oral or parenteral nutrition is necessary in combination with etiotropic therapy for the cause of weight loss.
Leukopenia is a decrease in the level of leukocytes in peripheral blood below 4000 in 1 µl. The cause of this condition can be infectious, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, genetic defects of the immune system, etc. Clinically, leukopenia is manifested by an increased susceptibility of the body to various infections, but it can be completely asymptomatic. The level of leukocytes is measured when taking venous or capillary blood in the morning on an empty stomach. To correct this laboratory deviation, the underlying disease is treated.
Leukocytosis is an increase in the content of leukocytes in the peripheral blood above 9000 in 1 μl (9x109 / l). It is observed in a wide range of nosologies, especially bacterial and viral infections, systemic inflammatory pathologies of a rheumatic nature. There are no specific clinical manifestations. Symptoms are determined by the cause, i.e. disease, against the background of which leukocytosis developed. The level of leukocytes is measured when taking venous or capillary blood in the morning 12 hours after the last meal. The white blood cell count is part of a complete blood count. To correct leukocytosis, the underlying disease is treated.
Leukocyturia is a pathological condition characterized by a high concentration of leukocytes in the urine. The cause may be urinary tract infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. In rare cases, leukocyturia is a sign of oncological pathology or graft rejection. By itself, leukocyturia has no clinical symptoms. Rarely, with a large number of cells, urine can become cloudy. The level of leukocytes is determined in the general analysis of urine, the study of the Nechiporenko, Kakovsky-Addis samples. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Lymphocytosis is an increase in the content of lymphocytes above 4000 (or 40%) in 1 µl of blood. The cause is acute viral diseases, some chronic bacterial infections, malignant hematological diseases, etc. Clinical manifestations are determined by the nosology against which lymphocytosis developed. The level of lymphocytes is examined in venous or capillary blood when calculating the leukocyte formula of the general blood test. To correct lymphocytosis, a fight against the cause is carried out, i.e. treatment of the underlying disease.
Lymphocytopenia (lymphopenia) is a decrease in the level of lymphocytes less than 1,800 (18% of the total number of leukocytes) in 1 μl of blood. In children, due to physiological lymphocytosis due to leukocytic decussation, lymphocytopenia is recognized as below 3,500-4,500. The cause is considered to be infectious and autoimmune diseases, malignant blood diseases. The clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Lymphopenia can be manifested by hypoplasia of the tonsils of the pharyngeal ring, activation of opportunistic infections. The concentration of lymphocytes is measured in the complete blood count (CBC). To return them to normal levels, it is necessary to treat the disease that caused lymphocytopenia.
Body aches is a symptom characterized by moderate pain in the legs, arms, and the whole body, which bring severe discomfort and reduce performance. The manifestation is observed in the prodromal stage of infectious diseases, with injuries and degenerative lesions of the musculoskeletal system, oncological and autoimmune pathology. To determine the cause of aches, ultrasound and x-ray diagnostics, laboratory tests, and arthroscopy are prescribed. To stop the symptom, a complex of medical and physiotherapeutic methods is used.
Monocytosis is a pathological condition in which there is an increase in the content of monocytes more than 1000 in 1 µl of blood. The causes are infectious, inflammatory, and oncohematological diseases. In children, infectious mononucleosis is the most common cause. There are no specific symptoms. The clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. The level of monocytes is examined in capillary or venous blood when calculating the leukocyte formula. To return monocytes to reference values (from 1 to 10%), the disease that served as a background for the occurrence of monocytosis is treated.
Monocytopenia is a laboratory syndrome in which there is a decrease in the level of monocytes below 500 in 1 μl of blood. Isolated monocytopenia is extremely rare. Most often, it is combined with a decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) or with a drop in the content of all blood cells (pancytopenia). The cause of monocytopenia can be severe bacterial infections, malignant myeloproliferative diseases, oppression of hematopoiesis, etc. The level of monocytes is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction of this condition is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Neutrophilia (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of neutrophils over 6500 (in a child under 6 years old over 4500) in 1 μl of blood. The cause is bacterial infections, purulent-septic processes, inflammatory, oncological diseases. There are no specific clinical signs in neutrophilia, the symptoms depend on the underlying pathology. The level of neutrophils is determined as part of the calculation of the leukocyte hemogram formula. To correct neutrophilia, the disease against which it developed is treated.
An acute sense of smell (hyperosmia) is an increased sensitivity to smells. Common physiological prerequisites for olfactory disorders are hormonal changes in women during pregnancy and in the premenstrual period. The symptom is characteristic of neurological and psychiatric diseases. To determine the cause of olfactory disorders, olfactometry, ENT examination, and instrumental methods of brain imaging are performed. Medications are aimed at treating the underlying pathology, so they are prescribed only after a diagnosis has been made.
Oliguria is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in urine output (less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hours). Causes can range from insufficient fluid intake or long-term medication to severe kidney disease or shock. Oliguria indicates a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, i.e. there is a violation of the excretion of products of nitrogen metabolism, which leads to their accumulation in the body. Correction is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Lack of appetite is the refusal to eat due to dullness or complete loss of hunger. The symptom is accompanied by weight loss, dyspeptic manifestations. The main reasons for which appetite is suppressed are mental and neurological disorders, pathologies of the digestive system, and hormonal disorders. To identify the etiological factor, blood and feces tests, instrumental imaging methods, and a comprehensive neurological examination are performed. To restore appetite, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the causes of its oppression.
Tingling in the side develops with damage to the hepatobiliary zone (hepatitis, cholecystitis, dyskinesia of the gastrointestinal tract), chronic pancreatitis, intestinal diseases (colitis, IBS, polyposis). Less commonly, the symptom is associated with an increase or injury to the spleen, abdominal hernia, gynecological diseases in women. To establish the causes of tingling, ultrasound, X-ray and endoscopic studies, laboratory tests of blood and feces are prescribed. Treatment of stabbing sensations in the side involves the use of analgesics and antispasmodics, etiotropic drugs, the selection of physiotherapeutic methods.
Tingling in the hands appears with various neurological problems: carpal tunnel syndrome, radial nerve neuropathy, spinal compression caused by a herniated disc. Less commonly, stabbing sensations develop as part of neuroses, vitamin deficiency B12, caffeine or alcohol intoxication. To diagnose the causes of tingling, ENMG, angiography and Doppler flowmetry, radiography of the hand and MRI of the spinal column are performed. To relieve symptoms, drugs (antiplatelet agents, anti-inflammatory and sedative drugs), physiotherapy methods, and surgical interventions are used.
Proteinuria is an increase in the concentration of protein in the urine of more than 150 mg per day. The range of etiological factors of this condition is extremely wide - from emotional stress and the common cold, accompanied by high fever, to severe kidney disease, systemic autoimmune processes and oncohematological diseases. Severe proteinuria within the framework of nephrotic syndrome is clinically manifested by peripheral edema on the face and lower extremities. There are many methods for determining protein in urine. Traditionally, a clinical urinalysis is used as the primary examination. Correction of proteinuria is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Brokenness is a subjective feeling of fatigue, lack of strength, which is often accompanied by headaches, body aches. Malaise occurs when there is a violation of the regime of the day and an unbalanced diet, chronic fatigue syndrome, infectious diseases, somatic pathology. To find out the cause of weakness and weakness, blood counts are examined, the hormonal profile is assessed, a neurological examination, and instrumental diagnostic methods are prescribed. To eliminate malaise, physiotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic methods, vitamin preparations are used.
Thrombocytosis is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the content of platelets in the blood. The cause of this phenomenon is infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies, as well as malignant tumors of the hematopoietic system. In children, it often occurs against the background of iron deficiency anemia. The clinical picture may be different and is determined by the underlying disease. The level of platelets, as part of a complete blood count, is examined in venous or capillary blood. To correct thrombocytosis, the disease against which it developed is treated.
An increase in ESR is an excess of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the blood of more than 10 mm / h in men and 15 mm / h in women. Acceleration of ESR is a non-specific laboratory marker, it can be caused by infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and oncological diseases. Very often occurs together with leukocytosis and fever. The main clinical picture is determined by the pathology, against which there was an increase in ESR. The ESR indicator is examined manually or automatically in venous or capillary blood, usually in the morning before meals and medications. To correct the indicator, the treatment of the disease that caused the increase in ESR is carried out.
A decrease in the number of movements (oligokinesia) is a typical manifestation of various forms of parkinsonism: primary or symptomatic, parkinsonism-plus. It occurs in temporal lobe epilepsy, some encephalopathies and mental disorders. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, results of a neurological examination and additional diagnostic procedures. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, symptomatic agents. Surgical interventions are carried out according to indications.
Cylindruria is a laboratory syndrome characterized by the detection of cylinders in the urine. Cylinders are proteinaceous formations that are casts of the distal tubules and collecting ducts. The cause of cylindruria is various kidney diseases and severe somatic conditions. These elements can be detected by microscopic examination of the urine sediment. To eliminate cylindruria, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.
Eosinopenia is a laboratory phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the content of eosinophils less than 100 in 1 µl of blood. It is a rather rare occurrence and can occur in severe cases of various infectious diseases, pathologies accompanied by hypercortisolism, and some allergic reactions. The level of eosinophils is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.