Sore throat is pain in the pharynx and larynx, which is often aggravated by talking and swallowing. There are various causes leading to sore throat: viral and bacterial diseases of the pharynx, allergic reactions and tumor processes, hypovitaminosis. To identify the etiological factor, an instrumental examination of the respiratory tract, radiography, ultrasound, bacteriological and serological reactions are carried out. To stop the pain that has arisen in the throat, use a warm alkaline drink, rinses, physiotherapy.
Pain in the lip is observed with various types of cheilitis, herpes, traumatic injuries, atypical form of lichen planus of the oral cavity, trigeminal neuralgia, lip cancer. In the absence of significant skin defects, it is often burning, often combined with itching, with the appearance of cracks - sore, with neurological pathology - extremely intense, shooting. The cause is established on the basis of examination data, instrumental and laboratory methods. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic local agents, immunomodulators, regeneration stimulants, other drugs of general action, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Pain in the gallbladder most often indicates biliary dyskinesia, acute or chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis. Less commonly, pain syndrome occurs against the background of cholangitis, parasitic invasions, neoplasms. For the diagnosis of etiological factors, instrumental visualization is used - ultrasound, cholecystography, ERCP, scintigraphy. Laboratory techniques include bile analysis, clinical and biochemical blood tests. To stop the symptom, painkillers and antispasmodics, antibiotics, choleretic drugs are prescribed. According to the indications, surgical treatment is performed - cholecystectomy.
Pain in the labia area is observed with nonspecific vulvitis and vulvovaginitis, bartholinitis, candidiasis, gardnerellosis, STIs, vulvar kraurosis, vulvodynia. May be constant or intermittent. In most cases, mild or moderate, has a raw or burning character, combined with itching, pathological discharge. Less often strong, pulling, bursting. Sometimes it is supplemented by weakness, general hyperthermia. The cause of the symptom is established according to the data of a gynecological examination, the results of laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment includes general and local etiotropic therapy, physiotherapy, hormonal agents. Sometimes surgery is indicated.
Pain in the kidneys most often occurs with inflammatory lesions - pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. Pain syndrome occurs with nephroptosis, urolithiasis, emergency conditions (kidney infarction, renal vein thrombosis). Instrumental techniques are used for diagnosis: ultrasound, urography, CT. Laboratory tests of urine and blood are used. To clarify the diagnosis, a kidney biopsy is performed. Conservative treatment includes antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, and antihypertensives. According to indications, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, surgical intervention is prescribed.
Pain in the right hypochondrium occurs with diseases of the hepatobiliary zone: biliary dyskinesia, acute and chronic cholecystitis, hepatitis and parasitic infections. Less commonly, a symptom occurs with cirrhosis and malignant tumors of the liver. Discomfort in the hypochondrium occurs with hemolytic anemia, heart failure, and also as a variant of radiating pain. The standard diagnostic plan includes ultrasound and X-ray examination, ERCP, duodenal sounding. For therapeutic purposes, a diet, antispasmodics, cholekinetics, antibiotics and antiviral agents, and surgical procedures are used.
Pain in the heart occurs due to cardiac and non-cardiac causes. The most common pathologies accompanied by pain syndrome: angina pectoris, arterial hypertension, arrhythmias. The symptom is characteristic of myocarditis and pericarditis, rheumatism, cardiomyopathy. Extracardiac factors - cardioneurosis, osteochondrosis, GERD, etc. For diagnosis, instrumental techniques are performed (ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography), laboratory tests (lipid profile, assessment of acute phase parameters, study of markers of myocardial necrosis). To stop pain in the heart, treatment of the underlying disease is necessary.
Back pain between the shoulder blades occurs with pathologies of the spine (posture disorders, osteochondrosis, Bechterew's disease), diseases of the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia of the cardia, strictures), mediastinitis. Less often, the symptom develops against the background of aortitis, aortic dissection, malignant tumors of the mediastinum. The diagnostic complex includes radiography of the spinal column, OGK, CT and MRI, EFGDS. The condition of the vessels is assessed using ultrasound, aortography. Pain is relieved by the appointment of NSAIDs or narcotic analgesics. Treatment of the underlying disease is represented by medical, physiotherapeutic and surgical methods.
Neck pain in the front is pain of varying intensity felt along the front of the neck. Local or diffuse pain occurs with injuries and inflammatory processes in the organs of the neck, pathologies of the thyroid gland, lymphadenitis and sialadenitis. To determine the cause of discomfort, ultrasound imaging, X-ray examination, radioscintigraphy, electrophysiological methods, laboratory tests, and invasive research approaches are used. To relieve acute pain syndrome, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapeutic methods are used.
Cervical spine pain is pain in the back of the neck that is exacerbated by movement of the head. The symptom may be accompanied by painful muscle spasms, headaches, dizziness. The main causes of pain in the cervical spine are inflammatory diseases of the vertebrae and soft tissues, osteochondrosis, and traumatic injuries. To detect the etiological factor, radiography, CT and MRI, electromyography, electroneurography, and laboratory tests are performed. To eliminate the pain syndrome, NSAIDs and physiotherapy methods are used.
Pain under the right shoulder blade occurs in pathologies of bone structures (scoliosis, osteochondrosis, cracks and fractures), damage to the liver and gallbladder (calculous cholecystitis, hepatitis, biliary dyskinesia), respiratory diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, pneumothorax). Diagnostic search includes ultrasound, radiological and invasive techniques, which are complemented by laboratory research methods. You can eliminate pain in the right subscapular region with the help of analgesics and antispasmodics. A complex of drug treatment and physiotherapy is prescribed to eliminate the causes of pain.
Watery diarrhea is repeated (up to 15-20 times a day) defecation, which is accompanied by the release of loose loose stools. Usually the symptom is combined with other dyspeptic disorders: vomiting, cramps, abdominal pain. Diarrhea with water is most often associated with intestinal infections, but can be observed with non-infectious intestinal pathologies, enzyme deficiency. To establish the causes of diarrhea, ultrasound, x-rays, endoscopy, and laboratory tests are used. To stop diarrhea, adsorbents, enveloping and astringent preparations are used.
Hematuria is a laboratory symptom characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine. The causes may be inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, urolithiasis, malignant neoplasms. Depending on the degree of hematuria, the color of urine can change to red, brown, "the color of meat slops", but in the vast majority of cases it remains unchanged. More than 3-5 erythrocytes in the field of view during microscopy of the urine sediment or more than 1000 in 1 ml when performing the Nechiporenko test is considered to be exceeding the norm. To correct this laboratory phenomenon, the underlying disease is treated.
Hyperacusis is an increased sensitivity to sounds that other people perceive as having normal intensity. It is observed in injuries, diseases of the labyrinth, neuritis, migraine, multiple sclerosis, amaurotic idiocy, meningitis, and a number of other pathologies. It is diagnosed on the basis of complaints, the results of an otolaryngological and neurological examination, and additional studies. Treatment is carried out by drug therapy, physiotherapy. Sometimes blockades are performed, operations are carried out.
Hyperkalemia is an increase in the level of potassium in the blood serum above 5.5 mmol / l or mEq / l. The reason is an increased intake of potassium in the body, its release from cells or a slowdown in excretion. The main clinical symptoms include general muscle weakness, severe cardiac arrhythmias. Diagnosis is made by measuring the concentration of potassium in the blood. As measures of treatment, potassium intake is maximally limited, some drugs are canceled, calcium, glucose, and insulin preparations are used. In severe hyperkalemia, hemodialysis is performed.
Hypercalcemia is an increase in serum concentrations of total calcium greater than 2.8 mmol/l or ionized calcium greater than 1.3 mmol/l. The cause of this condition may be hyperparathyroidism, malignant neoplasm, long-term use of drugs. Symptoms include incipidar syndrome (polyuria, polydipsia), general muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disorders. For diagnosis, the level of ionized calcium (Ca2+) is more important. For treatment, 0.9% NaCl, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates are used.
Hypermagnesemia is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the blood serum of more than 1.1 mmol / l. The most common cause of this deviation is kidney disease with impaired excretory function, taking magnesium-containing drugs. Clinical manifestations include depression of the nervous system, decreased muscle tone and blood pressure. The level of magnesium is examined during a biochemical blood test. Treatment of this condition is to eliminate the cause, the introduction of calcium preparations, isotonic solutions and diuretics.
Hypernatremia is an increase in plasma sodium (Na) concentrations greater than 145 mmol/L (mEq/L). The main reasons are lack of water in the body or excessive intake of sodium. Clinical manifestations include thirst, increased neuromuscular excitability, arterial hypertension. With a sudden onset of severe hypernatremia, convulsions and coma are possible. The condition is diagnosed by measuring Na levels and plasma osmolarity. Treatment includes oral or intravenous fluids, use of diuretics, and control of the underlying cause of the hypernatremia.
Hyperproteinemia is an increase in the concentration of total protein in the blood plasma of more than 84 g / l. This condition can develop due to a wide range of reasons - from excessive sweating and pregnancy to various inflammatory diseases and malignant neoplasms. In itself, a high protein content has no clinical signs, with the exception of monoclonal gammopathy, in which hyperproteinemia is a key pathogenetic link in the hyperviscosity syndrome (GBS). The protein level is examined in plasma on an empty stomach. To correct this disorder, therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Hyperfibrinogenemia is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood over 4 g/l. In addition to its important role in blood coagulation, fibrinogen is one of the major acute phase proteins. Therefore, any kind of cellular or tissue damage or inflammation is accompanied by an increase in the production of this protein. The cause of hyperfibrinogenemia can be acute infections, injuries, burns, etc. The level of fibrinogen is examined in blood plasma as part of a standard coagulogram. Correction is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Hyperphosphatemia is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the blood of more than 1.46 mmol / l. The causes may be kidney disease, pathology of the parathyroid glands, severe general somatic diseases. The brightness of the clinical picture varies from the complete absence of symptoms to pronounced signs of hypocalcemia. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the determination of the level of phosphorus in the blood serum. For treatment, restriction of the intake of phosphorus with food, forcing diuresis, and the introduction of drugs that bind phosphorus are used.
Hypercholesterolemia is an increase in the concentration of total cholesterol in the blood plasma above 5 mmol / l. The causes of this laboratory abnormality can be varied - from nutritional errors and obesity to endocrine disorders and genetic diseases. Most often clinically asymptomatic. In some cases, xanthomas (nodular formations on the skin in the area of the joints), xanthelasmas (yellowish plaques in the eyelids), and a lipoid arch on the cornea are observed. The level of cholesterol is examined in the venous blood before meals. Correction is carried out with the help of diet and prescription of statins.
Hypokalemia is a decrease in plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L (mEq/L). The main cause of this condition is excessive loss of potassium through the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include general muscle weakness, increased urination. The greatest danger is the development of cardiac arrhythmias. In addition to determining the concentration of potassium in the serum, the diagnostic search should be aimed at establishing the cause of the electrolyte imbalance. For treatment, potassium deficiency is replenished and the pathology that caused it is treated.
Hyponatremia is a decrease in plasma sodium (Na) levels below 135 mmol/L (mEq/L). This condition has a wide range of causes - from excessive water intake with a salt-free diet, uncontrolled use of drugs to severe kidney disease and malignant tumors. Clinical symptoms are represented mainly by neuropsychiatric disorders. The diagnosis is made on the basis of determining the level of sodium and the osmolarity of blood serum, urine. Treatment should include control of the cause, administration of isotonic or hypertonic saline solutions, and maintenance of euvolemia.
Hypoproteinemia is a pathological condition that is characterized by a decrease in the plasma concentration of total protein less than 64 g / l. The causes are starvation, kidney and liver diseases. The clinical picture can be varied - from an asymptomatic course to the appearance of peripheral edema, effusion in the abdominal, thoracic, pericardial cavities, and increased susceptibility to infections. The protein level is examined in plasma on an empty stomach. To eliminate hypoproteinemia, protein deficiency is compensated and the underlying disease is treated.
Hypostenuria is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the relative density of urine less than 1005 g / ml. A decrease in the specific gravity of urine indicates a violation of the concentration function of the kidneys, which occurs with various nephrological diseases, diabetes insipidus, etc. With hypostenuria, urine has a less intense color, sometimes it can be completely transparent. Relative density is examined in the general analysis of urine. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Glucosuria is a pathological condition characterized by the detection of glucose in a urine sample. The causes may be diseases of the pancreas, various endocrine disorders, kidney disease. Glucosuria itself has no clinical manifestations. Prolonged excretion of large amounts of glucose in the urine increases the risk of developing urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis, cystitis). The glucose level is examined on an empty stomach in a medium portion of freshly collected urine. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Purulent discharge from the vagina is the appearance of thick yellow-green pus from the patient's genitals. The symptom is combined with pain in the perineum and lower abdomen, fever, discomfort during intercourse. Greenish discharge with a putrid odor is characteristic of genital infections, severe inflammatory processes of the genital organs. To verify the cause of purulent leucorrhoea, an examination is carried out in the mirrors, ultrasound, bacteriological analysis of the discharge. Drugs are used after the establishment of the etiological factor of purulent leucorrhoea.
Bitter eructation is an involuntary throwing of air and liquid contents into the oral cavity due to contraction of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, after which the patient feels the taste of bitterness in the mouth. Episodic erection may be associated with nutritional errors, but more often regurgitation is observed in diseases of the biliary system and duodenal-pancreatic zone. To determine the cause of the symptom, X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound and laboratory studies are carried out. To stop belching, prokinetics, antispasmodics and choleretic agents are used.
Yellow sputum is formed in the pathology of the bronchopulmonary system: acute and chronic purulent bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung abscess and bronchiectasis. Rare causes of the symptom include pulmonary eosinophilia, foreign bodies in the respiratory tract, oncological and congenital diseases. The diagnostic plan includes radiography and CT of the chest, bronchoscopy, spirometry, peak flowmetry. From laboratory methods, sputum examination, clinical and biochemical blood tests are used. Treatment is mainly medical - antibiotics, expectorants, bronchodilators and hormones. Operations are carried out if necessary.
Yellow vaginal discharge is a discharge from the vagina of a liquid or thick yellow secretion, often with an unpleasant odor. Pathological leucorrhea may be accompanied by pain during urination and sexual intercourse, discomfort and itching in the vagina. Yellow discharge occurs both as a result of natural hormonal fluctuations, and with various infectious or inflammatory lesions of the genital organs. To determine the cause of leucorrhoea, a comprehensive gynecological examination, laboratory tests, and ultrasound of the pelvic organs are performed. Drug therapy is prescribed only after verification of the diagnosis.
Burning in the chest develops with gastroenterological (GERD, achalasia of the cardia), cardiological (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction), pulmonary diseases (bronchitis, pleurisy, pulmonary bleeding). The symptom occurs with intercostal neuralgia, and also as a component of a panic attack. To determine the cause of burning in the chest, tests are prescribed (hemogram, blood biochemistry, myocardial markers), instrumental methods - ECG and EchoCG, X-ray and CT of the chest, endoscopic visualization of the esophagus. Relief of burning pains includes antacids, antisecretory drugs, nitrovasodilators, antianginal drugs.
Bradykinesia is slow movement. As a rule, it occurs with a simultaneous increase in muscle tone, provoked by a lesion of the extrapyramidal system in Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism of various etiologies, and some degenerative diseases. In mental disorders, hypothyroidism is not associated with pathology of intracerebral structures, it proceeds with a decrease in muscle tone. The cause of bradykinesia is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, and additional studies. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, drugs to correct the underlying pathology, symptomatic agents, exercise therapy, massage, and surgical interventions.
Constipation in children is the absence of a stool in a child for a day or more, or a bowel movement that is normal in frequency, which is accompanied by the release of dry, lumpy feces. The symptom occurs with errors in diet and stress, congenital anomalies in the structure of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic diseases of the digestive system. To find out the cause of constipation in children, a scatological analysis, ultrasound, irrigography, sigmoidoscopy are performed. To normalize the frequency of bowel movements, dietary adjustments, physiotherapy, laxatives and enemas are necessary.
Green sputum occurs with lobar pneumonia, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, tuberculosis. Less commonly, the cause of the symptom is pulmonary mycoses, cystic fibrosis, and oncological processes. Thick green sputum occurs in chronic sinusitis. For diagnostic purposes, instrumental (radiography, CT scan of the lungs, bronchoscopy) and laboratory techniques (microscopic and bacteriological examination of sputum, blood tests) are used. The treatment plan includes antibiotics, bronchodilators, expectorants. Sometimes oxygen support, surgical interventions are prescribed.
Itching in the vagina occurs as a result of irritation or dryness of the mucous membrane against the background of external influences, changes in the microflora, infectious and inflammatory processes, hypoestrogenism of various origins, endocrine and somatic diseases. Accompanied by a feeling of discomfort, tingling, burning. The cause of the symptom is established based on the data of the survey, physical examination, gynecological examination, and the results of additional studies. Treatment includes antimicrobial agents, hormones, local procedures, measures to restore microflora.
Exhaustion is an extreme degree of weight loss (more than 20%), in which the work of various organs and systems is disrupted. The condition is often accompanied by symptoms of nervous exhaustion, weakness, weakness. Exhaustion of the body occurs in anorexia, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cancerous and other types of intoxication. To establish the factors that caused the disorder, ultrasound and X-ray imaging methods, a neurological examination, and laboratory tests are prescribed. To normalize body weight, adequate oral or parenteral nutrition is necessary in combination with etiotropic therapy for the cause of weight loss.
Cough is an unconditioned reflex act that occurs in response to stimulation of specific receptors and is manifested by forced exhalation after a period of tension of the respiratory muscles. The symptom is usually caused by diseases of the respiratory system, but can develop when inhaled toxic substances, foreign bodies, congestion in the lungs. To identify the cause of the cough, x-rays, spirometry, fibrobronchoscopy, and laboratory tests are performed. For the relief of symptoms, antitussive and expectorant drugs, mucolytics are used.
Weight fluctuations are small changes in body weight in the direction of increase or decrease that occur in a short time. Often, weight jumps are caused by natural factors: errors in the diet, fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. Among the pathological prerequisites for weight changes, renal and cardiovascular diseases are distinguished. To verify the cause of the symptom, extended blood tests are done, the hormonal profile is assessed, and ultrasound diagnostics are used. To eliminate weight jumps, it is necessary to influence the etiological factor.
Leukocyturia is a pathological condition characterized by a high concentration of leukocytes in the urine. The cause may be urinary tract infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. In rare cases, leukocyturia is a sign of oncological pathology or graft rejection. By itself, leukocyturia has no clinical symptoms. Rarely, with a large number of cells, urine can become cloudy. The level of leukocytes is determined in the general analysis of urine, the study of the Nechiporenko, Kakovsky-Addis samples. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
A mask-like face (hypomimia) is observed in a number of neurological and mental diseases: Parkinson's disease, myopathies, paresis of the facial nerve, catatonia, depressive, generalized anxiety, hysterical and bipolar affective disorders. Detected in hypothyroidism and scleroderma. The reason for the development of a mask-like face is established on the basis of a survey, anamnestic data, the results of a neurological examination and additional studies. Treatment - dopaminergic drugs, psychotropic drugs, physiotherapy, surgery.
Melena is black tarry stools that are formed during heavy (more than 60 ml) acute or chronic bleeding from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The cause of the pathological condition may be primary lesions of the digestive system, violations of the hemostasis system, some infectious diseases. In order to detect the source and cause of hemorrhage, endoscopic, radiological and laboratory research methods are used. With a characteristic change in the appearance of feces, you should immediately consult a doctor.
A metallic taste in the mouth is an unpleasant sensation from certain chemicals that is described by patients as "the taste of iron". Occurs when wearing dentures and braces, drinking mineral water, natural hormonal changes in women. Frequent aatological causes of the taste of metal in the mouth are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, chemical poisoning, anemia. To determine the etiology, blood tests, toxicological examination, excretory urography, radiography are prescribed. To eliminate the metallic taste, therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Myoclonus is involuntary movements, fast jerky contractions of individual muscles or their groups. The musculature of the limbs, trunk, or face is usually involved without loss of consciousness. Myoclonus are physiological or pathological, the development of which is associated with epilepsy, degenerative and infectious diseases, metabolic-hypoxic disorders. Diagnosis is carried out by clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods (MRI, EEG). Treatment involves the elimination of reversible conditions and supportive care.
Bad breath (halitosis) occurs in healthy people after a night's sleep, when smoking, eating foods with a sharp aroma. The main pathological causes include diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, diseases of the digestive system, chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract. To establish the etiological factors of halitosis, dental and ENT examinations are indicated. Endoscopic, X-ray and laboratory methods of diagnostics are carried out. Treatment of bad breath involves careful oral hygiene, conservative and surgical methods to eliminate the underlying pathology.
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is a violation of the function of external respiration, accompanied by both objective symptoms and a subjective feeling of lack of air. The development of dyspnea is caused by pathologies of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, anemia. The symptom may occur due to organic lesions of the central nervous system, neurotic disorders, metabolic disorders. To identify the cause of shortness of breath, spirometry, radiography, ECG, ultrasound, and laboratory tests are performed. To reduce symptoms, non-drug methods are used, the underlying disease is corrected.
Numbness of the chin occurs against the background of trigeminal neuralgia, injuries and tumors. It is observed with osteochondrosis, migraine, herpes zoster, B12-deficiency anemia, mental disorders. The cause is established on the basis of data from an external examination, dental and neurological examination, radiography, MRI, CT, laboratory tests. Treatment for chin numbness includes anticonvulsants, NSAIDs, antihistamines, antibiotics, physical therapy, and surgery.
Lip edema develops in injuries, burns, cosmetic manipulations, allergic reactions, local infections, tumors, dental pathologies, and some other conditions. It is caused by the accumulation of fluid in loose fibrous connective tissue. Perhaps local or total involvement of the lower, upper lip or both lips. In some cases, a connection with environmental conditions and other factors is revealed. Diagnosis is carried out on the basis of a survey, examination, laboratory tests. Before the diagnosis is established, topical emollients and anti-inflammatory agents may be used.
Tingling of the skin is observed with traumatic injuries, allergic dermatoses, dermatomycosis, infectious dermatoses. It can be combined with itching, burning, pain. Often accompanied by the formation of various skin elements: vesicles, papules, pustules, etc. The cause of the symptom is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis, dermatological examination data and laboratory tests. Depending on the etiology and severity of the pathological process, antibiotics, antimycotics, hormonal agents, antihistamines, immunomodulators are prescribed. Carry out the processing of foci. Carry out physiotherapy.
Pinching of the tongue is noted with glossalgia, glossodynia, desquamative glossitis, xerostomia, oral candidiasis, dental diseases, and allergic reactions. It may be due to the use of certain foods and drinks, smoking, taking medications. To determine the cause of the symptom, a survey and dental examination are carried out, ultrasonography, sialography, electromyography, other instrumental studies, and laboratory techniques are used. Treatment includes drugs of general and local action, physiotherapy.
Hot flashes appear under the influence of physiological causes (hot and spicy food, alcohol, stress), but more often they are a sign of diseases of the reproductive, endocrine, nervous or cardiovascular system. Given the variety of etiological factors, diagnostics requires instrumental studies - ultrasound, X-ray, electrophysiological, laboratory tests (hemogram, blood biochemistry, hormonal profile). Treatment of hot flashes involves a combination of medication, physiotherapy and psychotherapy. The surgical approach is rarely used, mainly for neoplasms.
Proteinuria is an increase in the concentration of protein in the urine of more than 150 mg per day. The range of etiological factors of this condition is extremely wide - from emotional stress and the common cold, accompanied by high fever, to severe kidney disease, systemic autoimmune processes and oncohematological diseases. Severe proteinuria within the framework of nephrotic syndrome is clinically manifested by peripheral edema on the face and lower extremities. There are many methods for determining protein in urine. Traditionally, a clinical urinalysis is used as the primary examination. Correction of proteinuria is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Vomiting is an involuntary reflex eruption of the contents of the stomach, less often the intestines through the esophagus, pharynx, oral cavity or nasal passages. Physiologically, the gag reflex performs a protective function, ensuring the removal of toxic substances and metabolites from the body. It is observed in case of poisoning, intestinal infections, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cerebral pathology, acute and terminal conditions, endogenous intoxications, etc. It is diagnosed using endoscopy, ultrasound, radiography, CT, MRI of various organs and systems, electrophysiological studies, laboratory tests. To alleviate the patient's condition, sedatives and antiemetics are used.
Vomiting of pregnant women is the release of gastric contents (chyme) through the oral cavity as a result of contraction of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal pressure, which occurred during gestation and is associated with it. The symptom is preceded by discomfort in the throat and chest, nausea, increased salivation. Vomiting is often observed with early toxicosis of pregnant women, it can occur with pathological pregnancy and concomitant diseases of the digestive tract. To find out the cause of the symptom, ultrasound, endoscopy, manometry, and laboratory tests are performed. To eliminate the disorder, non-drug methods, prokinetics, and sedatives are used.
Vomiting food is a complex reflex act in which gastric juice with partially fermented food masses is released through the mouth as a result of increased pressure on the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm. The symptom is often combined with nausea, abdominal pain, stool instability. Vomiting occurs with organic and functional diseases of the upper digestive tract, but sometimes has a physiological origin. To identify the prerequisites for the violation, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, manometry, and laboratory tests are performed. To stop the symptom, prokinetics, sorbents are used.
Extreme thirst (polydipsia) is a sudden, uncontrollable desire to drink water, often accompanied by dry mouth. The disorder occurs with physiological and pathological dehydration, fever of any origin, diseases of the endocrine system and kidneys. To determine the causes of polydipsia, tests for the content of hormones and toxins, ultrasound, X-ray imaging methods, and a comprehensive neurological examination are prescribed. To reduce unpleasant symptoms, competent etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Subfebrile temperature is an increase in temperature in the range of 37-38 degrees Celsius. The symptom is accompanied by chills, muscle and headaches, weakness. Subfebrile condition occurs in viral and chronic bacterial infections, endocrine pathology, malignant neoplasms, and other diseases. To find out why the temperature has risen, bacteriological and serological studies, ultrasound, and highly informative imaging methods are used. Temperature indicators are normalized with the right treatment of the underlying disease.
Tonic-clonic convulsions are mixed paroxysms in which prolonged tonic spasms are replaced by rapid clonic contractions of the skeletal muscles. The causes of generalized seizures are quite extensive: epilepsy, organic pathology of the central nervous system, neuroinfections and other conditions. To verify the diagnosis, a comprehensive examination is required, including laboratory tests, tomography, and neurophysiological techniques. For the relief and therapy of convulsive syndrome, medications are used, in some cases, surgical treatment is indicated.
Nausea after eating is an unpleasant painful sensation in the stomach, esophagus and oropharynx, which occurs immediately or some time after eating and is accompanied by a violation of general well-being. Nausea often precedes vomiting. The symptom may have physiological prerequisites: overeating, pregnancy, but is more often determined in various pathologies of the digestive tract and hepatobiliary system. To identify the causes of nausea, ultrasound, endoscopy, radiography and laboratory methods are used. Herbal teas, prokinetics, sorbents, antihistamines help to reduce discomfort.
Tremor is a movement disorder that is manifested by involuntary rhythmic fluctuations in various parts of the body, arising from the stereotypically repeated contraction and relaxation of the muscles. Most often, hyperkinesis covers the hands, head, feet, severe trembling limits the physical, social and professional activity of patients. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis data, neurological examination, results of additional studies (laboratory tests, neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods). Tremor treatment involves eliminating the cause, symptomatic correction.
Hand tremor is a tremulous hyperkinesis, manifested by stereotypically repeated contractions of the muscles of the hand. It can be primary or occur under the influence of a wide range of causes, in particular, metabolic or toxic damage, focal and diffuse diseases of the nervous system. Tremor is detected during neurological examination, its origin is helped to determine laboratory tests, neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods. The basis of the treatment strategy is conservative drug therapy, refractory cases require surgical intervention.
Heaviness in the hands occurs with fatigue and prolonged physical exertion, as well as under the influence of pathological causes: arthritis, arthrosis or osteochondrosis, dermatomyositis, vascular lesions (venous thrombosis, lymphostasis). Less commonly, the symptom occurs in occupational nervosa. Diagnostic search includes instrumental methods: radiography and CT of the hand, ultrasound of the vessels of the hands and lymphoscintigraphy, ENMG. Laboratory methods help clarify the diagnosis. To stop discomfort, etiotropic drug therapy, physiotherapy (mud therapy, electrotherapy, massage), and surgical interventions are prescribed.
Heaviness throughout the body normally occurs after intense physical exertion, lack of sleep or stress. Pathological causes of an unpleasant symptom include psycho-emotional disorders (depression, anorexia nervosa), arterial hypotension, and fever. In the diagnosis, laboratory studies are used - clinical and biochemical blood tests, hormonal profile, bakposev, instrumental methods - ECG with daily monitoring, ultrasound, EEG and ENMG. To relieve heaviness in the body, medications, psychotherapeutic correction, methods of physiotherapy and exercise therapy are prescribed.
A decrease in the number of movements (oligokinesia) is a typical manifestation of various forms of parkinsonism: primary or symptomatic, parkinsonism-plus. It occurs in temporal lobe epilepsy, some encephalopathies and mental disorders. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, results of a neurological examination and additional diagnostic procedures. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, symptomatic agents. Surgical interventions are carried out according to indications.
Cold sweat is excessive sweating, which is accompanied by cold skin, chills. The symptom occurs against the background of weakness, dizziness. There are various reasons for the development of cold sweat: disorders of the autonomic nervous system, blood loss and other emergency conditions, endocrine and cardiac diseases. To identify the cause of the disorder, ECG, echocardiography, ultrasound, x-ray imaging methods, and laboratory tests are used. To eliminate cold sweat, the underlying disease is treated.
Chorea is a type of hyperkinesis in which involuntary movements are observed, resembling normal ones, but differing from them in irregularity, disorder and randomness. It is detected in Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, Lesch-Nychen syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, and other hereditary pathologies. It briefly occurs in childhood with rheumatic diseases and lesions of the upper respiratory tract. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, additional studies. Antipsychotics are used to eliminate chorea. Surgical treatment is ineffective.
Erythropenia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood. In most cases, it is combined with a decrease in hemoglobin levels, which in total causes the development of anemia. The cause of erythropenia is acute and chronic blood loss, malnutrition and absorption, cancer, some autoimmune, infectious, hereditary diseases, poisoning. Pathology is manifested by weakness, fainting, tachycardia, decreased immunity, bleeding. Erythropenia is detected as part of a clinical blood test. Treatment - diet correction, B vitamins, iron preparations, erythropoietin.