Pain in the temples occurs with migraine, hypertension, increased intracranial pressure, trauma, intoxication syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, temporal arteritis, pheochromocytoma, cluster headache and tension headache. Pain sensations can be prolonged, paroxysmal, sharp, dull, pulsating, pressing, shooting, aching, burning. The reason is established according to the survey, examination, laboratory and instrumental techniques. Treatment - analgesics, anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, blockades, surgical interventions.
Pain in the lip is observed with various types of cheilitis, herpes, traumatic injuries, atypical form of lichen planus of the oral cavity, trigeminal neuralgia, lip cancer. In the absence of significant skin defects, it is often burning, often combined with itching, with the appearance of cracks - sore, with neurological pathology - extremely intense, shooting. The cause is established on the basis of examination data, instrumental and laboratory methods. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic local agents, immunomodulators, regeneration stimulants, other drugs of general action, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Pain in the bladder is observed with various types of cystitis, paracystitis, acute urinary retention, malacoplakia, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, traumatic injuries and foreign bodies of the bladder. It can be strong, weak, dull, sharp, cutting, aching, stabbing. Often combined with pain in the lower abdomen, urination disorders, changes in urine. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, examination data, laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment is carried out using antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics, physiotherapy. According to indications, catheterization is performed, operations are performed.
Pain in the labia area is observed with nonspecific vulvitis and vulvovaginitis, bartholinitis, candidiasis, gardnerellosis, STIs, vulvar kraurosis, vulvodynia. May be constant or intermittent. In most cases, mild or moderate, has a raw or burning character, combined with itching, pathological discharge. Less often strong, pulling, bursting. Sometimes it is supplemented by weakness, general hyperthermia. The cause of the symptom is established according to the data of a gynecological examination, the results of laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment includes general and local etiotropic therapy, physiotherapy, hormonal agents. Sometimes surgery is indicated.
Pain in the groin in women is the result of skin infections, inguinal lymphadenitis, gynecological and urological diseases, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and the musculoskeletal system. Detected in pelvic pain syndrome. It can be dull, sharp, short-term, long-lasting, aching, twitching, bursting, pulsating. In some cases, it has an irradiating character. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, examination results, laboratory data and imaging studies. Treatment includes analgesics, antibiotics, hormones, physiotherapy, and surgery.
Pain in the chin occurs with traumatic injuries, local purulent processes, trigeminal neuralgia, atypical prosopalgia. In patients with dental pathologies and myositis of the cervical muscles, it has an irradiating character. It can be acute, dull, constant, short-term, growing, weak, intense, aching, twitching, arching, shooting. The cause of the symptom is established according to the survey, general and dental examination, additional studies. Treatment is carried out with the use of analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants and other drugs. Operations are carried out according to indications.
Pain in the penis occurs with injuries, inflammatory diseases, sclerotic processes, circulatory disorders, tumors, STIs. It can be localized in the area of the trunk or head, be sharp, dull, short-term, long-term, cutting, aching, pulling, pulling, bursting. Sometimes combined with pain in the scrotum, perineum, lower abdomen. The cause of pain is determined on the basis of survey data, external examination, ultrasound results, laboratory tests. Other visualization and functional techniques are less commonly used. Self-medication before diagnosis is not indicated
Pain in the right half of the head may accompany migraine, paroxysmal hemicrania, and some other types of primary cephalalgia. It is observed in the syndrome of the vertebral artery, a number of diseases of the brain, ENT organs and the cervical spine. The character is pulsating, breaking, pressing, bursting, dull, sharp, weak, moderate, intense. Diagnosis is based on the results of the conversation, objective and instrumental studies. Symptomatic and etiopathogenetic treatment is carried out using NSAIDs, analgesics, triptans, other drugs, non-drug methods. Operations are sometimes shown.
Pain in the appendages is observed in inflammatory and purulent processes in the ovaries and fallopian tubes, cysts, benign, transitional and malignant tumors, ectopic pregnancy, fluid accumulation in the fallopian tubes, torsion or apoplexy of the ovary. It can be acute or chronic, constant, intermittent, growing, aching, pulling, pulsating. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, the results of a gynecological examination, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic procedures. Treatment - antibiotic therapy, oral contraceptives, vitamins, analgesics, surgical interventions.
Pain in the perineum in women is provoked by gynecological diseases, traumatic injuries, proctological and urological pathologies. It is observed in varicose veins of the pelvic veins, is detected in chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Occurs during pregnancy. It happens short-term, long-term, spilled, localized, weak, strong, pulling, aching, cutting, burning. Often increases with a certain position of the body. The cause is determined by the results of the survey, gynecological and proctological examination, imaging and laboratory studies. Treatment includes antibiotics, hormones, NSAIDs, physiotherapy, surgery.
Pain in the urethra is accompanied by urethritis, stones, foreign bodies, traumatic injuries, benign and malignant neoplasms of the urethra. It is detected in conditions accompanied by chronic obstruction of the urethra, some andrological and gynecological pathologies. Most often it has a cutting character, associated with urination. To establish the cause of the symptom, complaints are collected, an external examination, imaging and laboratory studies are carried out. Treatment includes antibacterial agents, NSAIDs, immunostimulants, physiotherapy, and surgical interventions.
Pain in the testicles occurs with inflammatory diseases, traumatic injuries, fluid accumulation, emergency conditions, neoplasms, purulent processes, pathologies of neighboring organs. May be provoked by sexual arousal or prolonged abstinence. It happens constant, growing, paroxysmal, sharp, dull, pulling, aching, bursting. The cause of the pathology is established on the basis of complaints, the results of a physical examination, data from hardware and laboratory studies. As part of the treatment, analgesics, antibiotics, NSAIDs, physiotherapy procedures, and operations are prescribed.
Pain in the vagina is observed with traumatic injuries, endometriosis, dyspareunia, specific and nonspecific vaginitis, prolapse of the uterus and vagina, diseases of neighboring organs. It can be weak, strong, dull, sharp, cutting, pulling, stabbing, constant or intermittent. Often appears or intensifies during sexual intercourse, accompanied by itching, burning, leucorrhoea. The cause of the symptom is established on the basis of the conversation, gynecological examination, laboratory and hardware studies. Treatment may include antibiotics, antimycotics, antivirals, analgesics, hormones, physical therapy. In some cases, operations are indicated.
Pain in the entire head is observed with vascular disorders, intracranial hypertension, meningitis, encephalitis, arachnoiditis, traumatic injuries, general infections, exogenous intoxications, mental disorders. Physiological causes are stuffiness, lack of sleep, stress, changing weather conditions. The pain can be pressing, bursting, aching, throbbing, dull, sharp, short-lived or persisting for a long time. NSAIDs, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antiallergic and other drugs, physiotherapy techniques, and surgical interventions are used in the treatment.
Upper paraparesis is a common symptom of ALS. It occurs in one of the varieties of motor polyneuropathy, some variants of the course of spinal amyotrophy, Hirayama's disease. In combination with lower paraparesis, it is found in trauma, circulatory disorders, compression myelopathy, and a number of degenerative and hereditary diseases. The cause of the formation of the violation is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis, neurological examination data, neuroimaging, electrophysiological and laboratory studies. Treatment includes exercise therapy, massage, physiotherapy, drug therapy. Operations are sometimes shown.
Nipple retraction may be a feature of breast development. In the pathological variant, it is most often detected in breast cancer, in some cases it is found in other diseases. It can be combined with the appearance of discharge from the nipple, pain syndrome, deformities of the mammary gland. The cause of the symptom is established according to the survey, physical examination, sonography, mammography, and other instrumental and laboratory techniques. Treatment before diagnosis is not indicated.
Hemiparesis occurs with disorders of cerebral circulation, tumors, craniocerebral injuries, purulent and infectious processes, parasitosis, some types of epilepsy, toxic brain damage. The cause of hemiparesis is established by the results of a survey, neurological examination, echoencephalography, radiography, tomography, laboratory tests. Treatment includes pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy followed by restorative measures. Sometimes surgery is required.
Hemiparetic gait is formed as a result of organic lesions of the central nervous system, is detected after a stroke, TBI, encephalitis, purulent lesions of the brain. It develops with tumors, parasitosis, toxic, demyelinating and degenerative-atrophic processes. The cause of the occurrence is established according to the anamnesis, general and neurological examination, echoencephalography, CT, MRI, laboratory tests, and other studies. At the initial stage of development of hemiparesis, pathogenetic and symptomatic measures are taken, followed by rehabilitation.
Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to pain. It is found in phantom pains, myelopathy, causalgia, syringomyelia, multiple sclerosis, tunnel syndromes, polyneuropathies and local damage to peripheral nerves of various origins. It is detected in some mental illnesses, including depression and somatoform disorders. The determination of the cause of hyperalgesia is carried out on the basis of complaints, neurological examination data, ENMG, evoked potentials, imaging and laboratory techniques. Treatment - analgesics, muscle relaxants, blockades, physiotherapy, surgical operations.
Dysesthesia is an abnormal sensation of pain, itching, burning, or other discomfort that occurs spontaneously or under the influence of stimuli. It is observed in neuropathies, polyneuropathies, fibromyalgia, radicular syndrome, transverse myelitis, and some other diseases. The cause of occurrence is established on the basis of complaints, medical history, data from electrophysiological, imaging and laboratory methods. Treatment - NSAIDs, antibacterial agents, neurometabolites, physiotherapy. Some patients require surgery.
Bradykinesia is slow movement. As a rule, it occurs with a simultaneous increase in muscle tone, provoked by a lesion of the extrapyramidal system in Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism of various etiologies, and some degenerative diseases. In mental disorders, hypothyroidism is not associated with pathology of intracerebral structures, it proceeds with a decrease in muscle tone. The cause of bradykinesia is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, and additional studies. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, drugs to correct the underlying pathology, symptomatic agents, exercise therapy, massage, and surgical interventions.
Freezing when walking is observed in Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism, less commonly detected in vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, multisystem atrophy and torsion dystonia. In the elderly, it is sometimes an isolated symptom. May be expressed in motor blocks during movement or inability to start movement. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, the results of a neurological examination, EEG, rheoencephalography, MRI and CT. Treatment includes dopaminergic drugs, levodopa drugs, surgical interventions.
Difficulty urinating in men is noted in diseases of the urethra and bladder, damage to the prostate gland, some other andrological pathologies and oncological processes. Occurs acutely or develops gradually, usually combined with other dysuric disorders. To determine the cause of micturition difficulties, a survey, external examination, digital rectal examination are carried out, hardware and laboratory examinations are prescribed. Treatment includes drug therapy, physical therapy, local techniques, and sometimes surgery.
Itching in the eye area occurs with conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, blepharitis, eyelid dermatitis, meibomitis, chalazion, demodicosis, dirofilariasis and other ophthalmic diseases. It is often the result of an allergy. May be a physiological response to various irritants. The cause is determined on the basis of the clinical picture and data from additional studies. Treatment is often topical. Includes antimicrobial therapy, hormones, other drugs. Some patients require surgery.
Itching in the vagina occurs as a result of irritation or dryness of the mucous membrane against the background of external influences, changes in the microflora, infectious and inflammatory processes, hypoestrogenism of various origins, endocrine and somatic diseases. Accompanied by a feeling of discomfort, tingling, burning. The cause of the symptom is established based on the data of the survey, physical examination, gynecological examination, and the results of additional studies. Treatment includes antimicrobial agents, hormones, local procedures, measures to restore microflora.
An imperative urge is a sudden categorical intense urge to urinate. It is observed in cystitis, other lesions of the bladder, injuries and diseases of the urethra, neurological pathologies. It accompanies some andrological and gynecological diseases. To determine the cause of the symptom, complaints are collected, an objective examination is carried out, laboratory and hardware techniques are used. Treatment includes antimicrobials, NSAIDs, hormones, other drugs, and physical therapy. Operations are performed according to indications.
Irregular periods are observed during periods of hormonal changes, are observed with ovarian and progesterone insufficiency, some endocrine diseases and mental disorders. It is possible to both decrease and increase the duration of the cycle with its constant fluctuations. The cause of the violation is determined on the basis of complaints, data from a general and gynecological examination, and the results of instrumental and laboratory studies. Treatment in most cases is hormone replacement therapy. Sometimes surgery is required.
Coarseness of facial features is detected with acromegaly, mucopolysaccharidoses, progressive leprosy. Some coarseness of features can be seen with the development of the viril syndrome during the period of growth, chronic alcoholism. Isolated coarsening of the nose is observed in patients with rhinophyma. To determine the cause of the symptom, a survey, physical examination, MRI, x-ray, hormone tests, and other laboratory tests are carried out. Treatment may include the appointment of hormonal agents and other drugs, surgical interventions.
The sensation of a foreign body in the anus worries with the expansion of hemorrhoidal veins, inflammatory diseases, neoplasms of the anus and perianal zone, injuries of various origins, foreign objects in the rectum. It is combined with pain, a feeling of heaviness, the urge to defecate. The cause of the symptom is established according to the survey, examination of the perianal region, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, ultrasound, laboratory tests. The treatment regimen includes phlebotropic agents, antibiotics, hormones, local effects, and surgical interventions.
Paresthesias are unusual sensations that occur against the background of sensory disorders. Include a feeling of crawling goosebumps, tingling, burning. They are observed with damage to peripheral nerves, injuries and diseases of the spinal cord and brain, and some other pathologies. The cause is determined by complaints, medical history, results of neuroimaging, electrophysiological studies and laboratory tests. Treatment - painkillers, antispasmodics, psychoactive drugs, symptomatic therapy, physiotherapy, surgery.
Paretic gait occurs with flaccid lower paresis due to myelopathy, traumatic and non-traumatic lesions of the peripheral nerves, polyneuropathy, poliomyelitis, neurosarcoidosis, neuroacanthocytosis. It is characterized by a decrease in step length, difficulty in lifting the leg from the surface. The cause of paretic gait is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis, neurological examination data, imaging, electrophysiological, laboratory techniques. Therapy includes analgesics, hormones, neurometabolic agents, therapeutic blockades. Sometimes surgical interventions are required.
Cock gait (steppage) is observed in pathologies accompanied by a violation of the dorsiflexion of the foot: polyneuropathies, poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, compression or mechanical damage to the peroneal nerve. The cause of the violation is established according to the survey, physical examination, neurological examination, ultrasound of the nerve, neurophysiological studies, and other methods. Treatment of cock's gait includes NSAIDs, cholinesterase inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, hormonal drugs.
Pyuria is the release of a large number of leukocytes, bacteria, necrotic cells of the urinary tract epithelium. It is observed in infectious and inflammatory diseases, purulent processes with damage to the urinary system and genital organs. Found in sepsis. It is detected by the results of a clinical analysis of urine, a three-glass sample. To determine the pathogen, bacterioscopy and urine culture are performed. Ultrasound, X-ray and endoscopic techniques are used to clarify the diagnosis. Treatment includes surgery, antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy.
Polyuria is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in urine output of more than 3 liters per day. It must be distinguished from pollakiuria (frequent urination with a normal daily volume of urine). Polyuria occurs with pathologies of the endocrine system, kidney disease or mental disorders. Polyuria is almost always naturally accompanied by polydipsia, i.e. increased fluid intake due to intense thirst. The condition is diagnosed by quantitative measurement of excreted urine per day. Correction consists in treating the underlying disease.
Propulsion is seen in parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. It is combined with hypokinesia, freezing when walking, weakening of facial expressions, tremor, rigidity, increased muscle tone, micrography, increased postural tone, lack of hand movements during walking. The cause of propulsion is established on the basis of anamnesis, data from an objective and neurological examination, rheoencephalography, echoencephalography, CT, MRI. Treatment includes levodopa preparations, etiopathogenetic therapy of secondary parkinsonism, exercise therapy, massage, and surgical interventions.
Spraying of the urine stream during urination is observed when there are obstacles to the flow of urine or a change in the anatomical structure of the urethra. Revealed with strictures, valves, benign and malignant tumors, epispadias, hidden penis, urethro-vaginal fistulas, vaginal relaxation. Often combined with dysuric disorders. The cause of the development of the symptom is established on the basis of the data of the survey, examination, hardware and laboratory methods. Treatment is often surgical. Some patients are shown antibacterial drugs, hormone therapy, special exercises.
Pain during urination in women is provoked by cystitis, urethritis, and some other diseases of the kidneys, urethra and bladder. They are a hallmark of STDs. They are observed in a number of diseases of the female genital area. Often combined with pain, burning, other dysuric disorders, changes in urine. The cause of the symptom development is established according to the survey, gynecological examination, laboratory and imaging techniques. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, non-drug methods, surgical interventions are used.
Cramps during urination in men are noted with urethritis, foreign bodies, polyps and tumors of the urethra, cystitis, urolithiasis. The cause can be andrological pathologies: balanoposthitis, epididymitis, diseases of the prostate gland. The symptom is often combined with other dysuric disorders. The cause is established on the basis of the clinical picture, hardware and laboratory data. As part of conservative therapy, antimicrobial agents, NSAIDs, analgesics, local procedures, and physiotherapy are used. Operations are carried out according to indications.
Severe dizziness is possible with vestibular paroxysms, BPPV, cardiac arrhythmias, transient ischemic attacks, Meniere's disease, Lermoyer's syndrome, labyrinthitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, perilymphatic fistula, panic attacks. It is manifested by an attack of a pronounced sensation of rotation or displacement of the patient, less often - of the surrounding space. To clarify the diagnosis, a neurological examination is performed, studies to assess the vestibular analyzer, EEG, CT, MRI. Treatment includes antipsychotics, antihistamines, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and other agents. Surgical interventions are carried out according to indications.
Stranguria is difficult urination, in which the patient has to make an effort to empty the bladder. It is observed with lesions of the lower urinary tract, some andrological and gynecological diseases. As a rule, it is combined with other dysuric disorders. The cause of the development of stranguria is determined on the basis of survey data, an objective examination, hardware and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes drug therapy, physiotherapy, exercise therapy. Operations are performed according to indications.
Tic is a type of hyperkinesis. Represents involuntary stereotyped movements that resemble arbitrary. In most cases, it occurs in childhood. It is provoked by neuroses, residual organic insufficiency due to harmful effects in the prenatal period and early childhood. Seen in Tourette's syndrome. Sometimes it occurs secondary to other CNS lesions. The cause is determined on the basis of a survey, examination, data from a psychodiagnostic examination, CT, MRI, and other procedures. Treatment - psychotherapy, psychocorrection, drug therapy, physiotherapy. Operations are sometimes shown.
Head tremors are uncontrolled rhythmic movements caused by alternating contractions of the antagonist muscles of the neck. Trembling looks like nodding or shaking the head, occurs at rest, when moving or maintaining a posture. The cause of tremor is various pathologies with damage to the extrapyramidal, cerebellar, cortical sections of the regulation of motor functions. Diagnosis is carried out by laboratory, neuroimaging, neurophysiological methods. Treatment is carried out with medications, in resistant cases, botulinum therapy or surgery is offered.
Hand tremor is a tremulous hyperkinesis, manifested by stereotypically repeated contractions of the muscles of the hand. It can be primary or occur under the influence of a wide range of causes, in particular, metabolic or toxic damage, focal and diffuse diseases of the nervous system. Tremor is detected during neurological examination, its origin is helped to determine laboratory tests, neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods. The basis of the treatment strategy is conservative drug therapy, refractory cases require surgical intervention.
A decrease in the number of movements (oligokinesia) is a typical manifestation of various forms of parkinsonism: primary or symptomatic, parkinsonism-plus. It occurs in temporal lobe epilepsy, some encephalopathies and mental disorders. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, results of a neurological examination and additional diagnostic procedures. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, symptomatic agents. Surgical interventions are carried out according to indications.
Chyluria is the presence of an admixture of lymph in the urine. In appearance, urine resembles diluted milk, sometimes with a pinkish tint. A laboratory symptom occurs when there is an abnormal communication between the urinary and lymphatic tracts. It is detected with filariasis, compression of the lymphatic ducts by tumors, post-traumatic and post-tuberculosis scars, inflammatory infiltrates. Chyluria is determined by the results of a general urine test. To determine the cause of the violation, microscopy of a blood smear for filariae is prescribed, imaging techniques for examining the condition of the kidneys and urinary tract.
A shuffling gait is detected in secondary parkinsonism, corticobasal degeneration, various types of multisystem atrophy, Parkinson's disease, Binswanger's, Pick's, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's, and some other extrapyramidal and mixed disorders. Sometimes it is found in old age in the absence of neurological diseases, it develops with depression. The cause is determined by the results of the survey, neurological examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes antiparkinsonian, vascular, neurotropic drugs, surgical interventions.
Stamping gait is observed when deep sensitivity is disturbed against the background of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system: injuries, tumors, hemorrhages in the brain and spinal cord, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord, polyneuropathies of various etiologies, multiple sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-Barré syndrome. The etiology of the disorder is established on the basis of an anamnesis, data from a general and neurological examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Vitamins, nootropics, cholinesterase agents, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical methods are used in the treatment.