Pain in the ankle is a non-specific symptom that indicates the pathology of the ankle joint, the epiphyseal ends of the bones that form it, as well as ligaments, tendons and tendon sheaths. The pain syndrome can be based on a variety of causes - mechanical damage, autoimmune inflammation, malignant neoplasm, degenerative process. Pain can be aching, throbbing, burning, pulling, arching, etc., sometimes depending on external factors. Diagnosis is carried out using radiography, CT, MRI, arthroscopy, joint puncture. Until the cause is clarified, rest, the use of painkillers is recommended.
Pain in the lower abdomen in women is most often found during menstruation, the physiological or pathological course of pregnancy, adnexitis. Also, pain syndrome develops with endometriosis and neoplasms of the genital organs, diseases of the urinary and digestive systems. To detect the cause of pain, a gynecological examination, ultrasound, endoscopic and radiological diagnostic methods are prescribed. For therapeutic purposes, analgesics, antispasmodics, antibiotics, hormones, sedatives are used. Some conditions require surgery.
Pain in the lower abdomen in men occurs with diseases of the prostate (acute and chronic prostatitis, adenoma, cancer), diseases of the urinary organs (cystitis, KSD), sexually transmitted infections. Other common causes: IBS, intestinal infections, inflammatory and surgical pathologies of the intestine. The diagnostic plan for pain in the lower abdomen includes ultrasound, radiography with contrast, endoscopic techniques. Laboratory tests of blood, urine and feces are used. For therapeutic purposes, antibiotics, NVPS, alpha-blockers, immunocorrective and cytostatic drugs are used, and surgical interventions are performed.
Hyperproteinemia is an increase in the concentration of total protein in the blood plasma of more than 84 g / l. This condition can develop due to a wide range of reasons - from excessive sweating and pregnancy to various inflammatory diseases and malignant neoplasms. In itself, a high protein content has no clinical signs, with the exception of monoclonal gammopathy, in which hyperproteinemia is a key pathogenetic link in the hyperviscosity syndrome (GBS). The protein level is examined in plasma on an empty stomach. To correct this disorder, therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Hypomagnesemia is a pathological condition that is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of magnesium in the blood below 0.6 mmol / l. This deviation can occur as a result of insufficient intake of magnesium in the body, with violations of its absorption in the digestive tract or excessive losses through the kidneys. The main clinical manifestations include increased neuromuscular excitability, disruption of the cardiovascular system, and changes in calcium metabolism. The level of magnesium is examined during a biochemical blood test. Treatment is carried out by the appointment of oral or parenteral forms of magnesium preparations.
Hypoproteinemia is a pathological condition that is characterized by a decrease in the plasma concentration of total protein less than 64 g / l. The causes are starvation, kidney and liver diseases. The clinical picture can be varied - from an asymptomatic course to the appearance of peripheral edema, effusion in the abdominal, thoracic, pericardial cavities, and increased susceptibility to infections. The protein level is examined in plasma on an empty stomach. To eliminate hypoproteinemia, protein deficiency is compensated and the underlying disease is treated.
Constipation during pregnancy is a bowel disorder, manifested by delayed defecation or insufficient emptying, which often occurs in women at different gestational ages. Stool retention is accompanied by pain in the left iliac region, bloating. More rare defecation is due to physiological changes in the body of a woman, gestational and intestinal pathology. To identify the causes of constipation, ultrasound methods, laboratory tests of blood and feces are used. To restore the normal frequency of stool helps change eating habits, adequate physical activity.
Grayish-white stool is a discoloration of stools, often accompanied by a violation of the consistency and frequency of the stool. A change in the color of feces is characteristic of dysbacteriosis, diseases of the liver and gallbladder, and damage to the pancreas. To determine the cause of the appearance of gray or white feces, a coprogram, ultrasound and radiography of the gastrointestinal tract, endoscopy are prescribed. To eliminate the symptom, probiotics, enzyme preparations, specific antiviral and detoxifying agents are used.
Mushy stools are softening of stools that look like separate soft pieces or a heterogeneous liquid mass. The symptom is often accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, flatulence. Defecation disorders are observed with stress and nutritional errors, infectious and specific inflammatory bowel diseases, fermentopathy. To determine the cause, a survey ultrasound of the abdomen, colonoscopy, endoscopy, X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract, coprogram is performed. To normalize the stool, enzymes, probiotics, antibacterial agents are used.
Creatorrhoea is the appearance of a large number of undigested muscle and connective tissue fibers in the stool. The symptom occurs in putrefactive dyspepsia, gastritis with low acidity, chronic pancreatitis, and other pathologies of the pancreas. To diagnose the causes of creatorrhea, a blood and feces study, probe and tubeless functional tests, and instrumental imaging techniques are prescribed. Treatment of creatorrhea begins with diet therapy. Drug therapy includes preparations of digestive enzymes, analgesics, antidiarrheals and gastroprotectors.
Leukopenia is a decrease in the level of leukocytes in peripheral blood below 4000 in 1 µl. The cause of this condition can be infectious, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, genetic defects of the immune system, etc. Clinically, leukopenia is manifested by an increased susceptibility of the body to various infections, but it can be completely asymptomatic. The level of leukocytes is measured when taking venous or capillary blood in the morning on an empty stomach. To correct this laboratory deviation, the underlying disease is treated.
Lymphocytopenia (lymphopenia) is a decrease in the level of lymphocytes less than 1,800 (18% of the total number of leukocytes) in 1 μl of blood. In children, due to physiological lymphocytosis due to leukocytic decussation, lymphocytopenia is recognized as below 3,500-4,500. The cause is considered to be infectious and autoimmune diseases, malignant blood diseases. The clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Lymphopenia can be manifested by hypoplasia of the tonsils of the pharyngeal ring, activation of opportunistic infections. The concentration of lymphocytes is measured in the complete blood count (CBC). To return them to normal levels, it is necessary to treat the disease that caused lymphocytopenia.
Neutropenia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of neutrophils below 1500 in 1 µl of peripheral blood. The causes can be various bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, medications. The level of neutrophils is examined in a general blood test. To correct this pathology, the underlying disease is treated. In severe neutropenia, drugs are used that stimulate the formation of bone marrow leukocytes.
Neutrophilia (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of neutrophils over 6500 (in a child under 6 years old over 4500) in 1 μl of blood. The cause is bacterial infections, purulent-septic processes, inflammatory, oncological diseases. There are no specific clinical signs in neutrophilia, the symptoms depend on the underlying pathology. The level of neutrophils is determined as part of the calculation of the leukocyte hemogram formula. To correct neutrophilia, the disease against which it developed is treated.
Belching during pregnancy is the release of gastric gases in a pregnant woman with a characteristic sound, which occurs due to contraction of the smooth muscles of the stomach with an open cardiac sphincter. The symptom is often caused by physiological causes: hormonal changes, errors in diet, physical inactivity, but may also indicate the presence of a disease. To identify the root cause of erection during gestation, safe studies are prescribed - ultrasound, tests, pH-metry. To reduce belching, non-drug methods, prokinetics, and sedatives are used.
Lack of appetite is the refusal to eat due to dullness or complete loss of hunger. The symptom is accompanied by weight loss, dyspeptic manifestations. The main reasons for which appetite is suppressed are mental and neurological disorders, pathologies of the digestive system, and hormonal disorders. To identify the etiological factor, blood and feces tests, instrumental imaging methods, and a comprehensive neurological examination are performed. To restore appetite, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the causes of its oppression.
Brokenness is a subjective feeling of fatigue, lack of strength, which is often accompanied by headaches, body aches. Malaise occurs when there is a violation of the regime of the day and an unbalanced diet, chronic fatigue syndrome, infectious diseases, somatic pathology. To find out the cause of weakness and weakness, blood counts are examined, the hormonal profile is assessed, a neurological examination, and instrumental diagnostic methods are prescribed. To eliminate malaise, physiotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic methods, vitamin preparations are used.
Thrombocytosis is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the content of platelets in the blood. The cause of this phenomenon is infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies, as well as malignant tumors of the hematopoietic system. In children, it often occurs against the background of iron deficiency anemia. The clinical picture may be different and is determined by the underlying disease. The level of platelets, as part of a complete blood count, is examined in venous or capillary blood. To correct thrombocytosis, the disease against which it developed is treated.
An increase in ESR is an excess of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the blood of more than 10 mm / h in men and 15 mm / h in women. Acceleration of ESR is a non-specific laboratory marker, it can be caused by infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and oncological diseases. Very often occurs together with leukocytosis and fever. The main clinical picture is determined by the pathology, against which there was an increase in ESR. The ESR indicator is examined manually or automatically in venous or capillary blood, usually in the morning before meals and medications. To correct the indicator, the treatment of the disease that caused the increase in ESR is carried out.
Eosinopenia is a laboratory phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the content of eosinophils less than 100 in 1 µl of blood. It is a rather rare occurrence and can occur in severe cases of various infectious diseases, pathologies accompanied by hypercortisolism, and some allergic reactions. The level of eosinophils is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.