Tetraparesis is observed in injuries, neoplasms, inflammatory, vascular, demyelinating diseases of the central, less often - peripheral nervous system. The cause of the development of tetraparesis is established according to complaints, anamnesis data, physical examination, neurological examination, instrumental and laboratory methods. Treatment regimens include neuroprotectors, immunosuppressants, antimicrobials, vascular agents, surgical interventions, and complex rehabilitation measures.
Read more →Terminal leakage is a condition in which urine continues to flow after urination is complete. In most cases, men are affected. The symptom is observed with strictures, diverticula and tumors of the urethra, urethritis with damage to the proximal urethra, diseases of the prostate and seminal tubercle, CPPS, neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. The cause of development is determined on the basis of anamnesis, complaints, examination results and additional studies. As part of therapeutic measures, medicines are prescribed, physiotherapy is carried out. Operations are sometimes shown.
Read more →Dry mouth (xerostomia) is a subjectively unpleasant sensation of dryness of the mucous membrane, difficulty in eating, speech disorders caused by insufficient saliva secretion. The symptom occurs with lesions of the salivary glands, endocrine and metabolic disorders, pathology of the respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. To establish the degree of xerostomia and find out the causes, sialometry, sialography, and ultrasound are performed. To alleviate unpleasant symptoms, it is recommended to use moisturizing oral fluids, cholinergic drugs.
Read more →Leg cramps are observed in vascular diseases, crumpy syndrome, flat feet, electrolyte imbalance, hypovitaminosis, a number of endocrine diseases, poisoning, drug overdose, brain damage, and some other conditions. They can cover one muscle or several muscle groups, be isolated or combined with convulsions of other localizations. Diagnosed on the basis of survey data, external examination, EFI, laboratory tests, hardware methods. Treatment includes muscle relaxants, antiepileptic and anticonvulsants, antispasmodics, physiotherapy techniques, and surgical interventions.
Read more →Cramps are sudden involuntary contractions that involve individual muscle groups or the entire body. Tonic-clonic paroxysms are accompanied by loss of consciousness, urination, respiratory failure. Causes of seizures include organic pathology of the central nervous system, toxic and metabolic damage to neurons, hyperthermia, and other disorders. Diagnosis is carried out using CT and MRI of the brain, EEG, laboratory tests. In complex treatment, anticonvulsants, pathogenetic and etiotropic therapy, and surgical correction are used.
Read more →Subfebrile temperature is an increase in temperature in the range of 37-38 degrees Celsius. The symptom is accompanied by chills, muscle and headaches, weakness. Subfebrile condition occurs in viral and chronic bacterial infections, endocrine pathology, malignant neoplasms, and other diseases. To find out why the temperature has risen, bacteriological and serological studies, ultrasound, and highly informative imaging methods are used. Temperature indicators are normalized with the right treatment of the underlying disease.
Read more →Stranguria is difficult urination, in which the patient has to make an effort to empty the bladder. It is observed with lesions of the lower urinary tract, some andrological and gynecological diseases. As a rule, it is combined with other dysuric disorders. The cause of the development of stranguria is determined on the basis of survey data, an objective examination, hardware and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes drug therapy, physiotherapy, exercise therapy. Operations are performed according to indications.
Read more →Decreased sweating (hypohidrosis, anhidrosis) is a decrease in sweating in limited areas of the skin or on the entire surface of the body. The symptom occurs with age-related skin changes, severe dehydration, polyneuropathy and other systemic lesions, in which sweat glands are involved in the pathological process. To determine the cause of reduced sweating, a pilocarpine test, gravimetry, biochemical and genetic analyzes, and instrumental methods are prescribed. Symptomatic medications are recommended to eliminate discomfort.
Read more →Salivation (sialorrhea, hypersalivation) is normally observed in infants, pregnant women, and also with mechanical irritation of the receptors of the oral cavity. Common etiological factors are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, teeth, ENT organs, damage to the central and peripheral nervous system. To diagnose the causes of salivation, saliva is examined, blood and urine tests are performed, instrumental visualization of the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. To stop the symptom, it is necessary to cure the underlying disease. Anticholinergics, botulinum toxin preparations are prescribed to reduce salivation.
Read more →Auditory hallucinations are auditory perception disorders in which patients hear different types of sounds without a corresponding external stimulus. It can be rustles, noises, melodies, calls, words and phrases. There are hallucinatory voices of a neutral type, threatening, imperative. Patients perceive auditory hallucinations as part of reality: they experience fear, anxiety, and perform dangerous actions for themselves and others. The survey includes a conversation, observation, performing the Aschaffenburg test. Symptomatic therapy is based on the use of neuroleptics.
Read more →Mucopurulent sputum is a symptom of common diseases of the respiratory system: tracheobronchitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia. The symptom is often found in tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital anomalies in the development of the respiratory system. Rare causes of mucopurulent sputum: chronic lung abscesses, actinomycosis, malignant tumors. The diagnostic plan includes X-ray and endoscopic methods, the study of respiratory function, laboratory tests of sputum and blood. Treatment includes antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis drugs, expectorants, and bronchodilators.
Read more →Mucous sputum is formed in inflammatory diseases of the upper (chronic rhinitis, pharyngitis) and lower respiratory tract (hyperplastic laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and viral pneumonia). Rare causes of the symptom include the ingress of a foreign body into the bronchi, bronchopulmonary tumors, and pulmonary edema. For diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to perform chest x-ray, ENT examination and bronchoscopy, spirometry. Be sure to conduct a microscopic and bacteriological analysis of sputum mucosa. Treatment includes drugs (expectorant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory), physiotherapy, surgical techniques.
Read more →Sweet taste in the mouth (glycogeusia) is an intermittent or persistent unpleasant sensation of sweetness in the oral mucosa for no apparent reason. The symptom worries with malnutrition, excessive restriction of carbohydrates, a sharp rejection of cigarettes. Unpleasant taste is characteristic of diabetes and gestational diabetes, damage to the digestive system, and neurological diseases. To identify the etiological factor, laboratory tests, endoscopy, ultrasound are performed. To eliminate the sweet taste, eating habits are corrected, etiotropic therapy is prescribed.
Read more →Weakness of the muscles of the face is observed with central or peripheral paresis of the facial nerve due to neuritis, trauma, stroke, tumor processes, congenital anomalies, infectious diseases. The condition is detected in myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and some other pathologies. It can be one- or two-sided, spread to the entire face or part of it. The cause of the symptom is established by the results of the survey, neurological examination, data from neurophysiological studies, CT, MRI. Treatment includes antimicrobial and vasodilators, neuroprotectors, immunosuppressants, exercise therapy, massage, and surgery.
Read more →Muscle weakness is an objective symptom, expressed as a decrease in skeletal muscle strength, or a subjective sensation, described as increased fatigue. The reasons for this phenomenon are extremely diverse and usually include structural damage at any level of signal transmission along the nerve pathways, damage to myoneural synapses, and muscle fibers. Diagnosis is carried out by means of neuroimaging, neurophysiological procedures, laboratory methods. Treatment involves conservative and surgical correction.
Read more →Weakness in the arms is a symptom in which there is a decrease in strength or increased fatigue of the muscles of the upper limbs. The cause of this condition may be neuromuscular defects, muscle damage, pathology of peripheral nerves or blood vessels, and other diseases. Diagnostic measures include clinical examination, laboratory tests, instrumental procedures. In the treatment regimens, medications, physical therapy methods, and surgical interventions are used.
Read more →Weakness in the legs is a decrease in muscle strength or a subjective feeling of fatigue in the lower extremities. The symptom occurs when the central or peripheral parts of the nervous system, myoneural synapses, and skeletal muscles are affected. It is possible to establish the cause of the violations according to the results of a medical examination, laboratory and instrumental research methods. Treatment of weakness in the legs involves drug therapy, comprehensive rehabilitation.
Read more →Weakness is a subjectively painful feeling of lack of energy, lack of strength for physical activity. The state of impotence is often accompanied by dizziness, fatigue and heaviness in the legs. Severe weakness occurs with food poisoning and endogenous intoxication, vitamin deficiency, endocrine and cardiovascular diseases. To determine the cause of the disorder, bacteriological tests, ultrasound examination, ECG, neurological examination are carried out, various functional tests are used. In order to eliminate asthenic syndrome, methods of physiotherapy, exercise therapy, vitamin preparations and adaptogens are used.
Read more →A weak stream of urine is observed in diseases of the prostate gland and some other andrological pathologies. It is detected with stones, strictures and tumors of the urethra. In women, it occurs with cystocele and vaginal relaxation. In children, it may be accompanied by infections, urethral valves, enuresis. The cause of the symptom is established according to the survey, laboratory and instrumental studies. Treatment includes antibiotics, antispasmodics, special exercise therapy complexes, physiotherapy, and surgical interventions.
Read more →Scanty menstruation (hypomenorrhea) is a violation of menstrual function, in which the amount of bleeding does not exceed 50 ml. The disorder can have physiological causes or occur after operations, injuries, against the background of various diseases - malformations, inflammatory diseases of the genital area, endocrine pathology, brain tumors. To determine the cause of scanty menstruation, a gynecological examination, ultrasound of the pelvic organs, endoscopic and laboratory methods are used. With physiological hypomenorrhea, treatment is not prescribed. In other cases, the choice of therapy takes into account the origin of the symptom.
Read more →Scanned speech is a slow, fragmentary, syllable-by-syllable pronunciation of words and phrases. It is a characteristic sign of cerebellar dysfunction, occurs in atactic dysarthria, multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, cerebellar tumors, hereditary ataxias, cerebellar stroke. Diagnosis is aimed at identifying the cause and focus of the lesion in the brain (MRI, CT scan), a speech therapy examination is mandatory. Therapeutic tactics is determined by the underlying pathology, may include pharmacotherapy, neurosurgical intervention, speech therapy.
Read more →Severe dizziness can be constant or paroxysmal, occurs with vestibular neuronitis, pathologies of the inner ear, cerebrovascular accidents, idiopathic vestibular insufficiency, some cardiac pathologies, intoxication, severe anemia, panic attacks. It is diagnosed on the basis of survey data, neurological examination, studies of the vestibular apparatus, imaging, laboratory techniques. Treatment includes neuroprotective agents, vascular agents, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and other drugs. Some patients require surgery.
Read more →Extreme thirst (polydipsia) is a sudden, uncontrollable desire to drink water, often accompanied by dry mouth. The disorder occurs with physiological and pathological dehydration, fever of any origin, diseases of the endocrine system and kidneys. To determine the causes of polydipsia, tests for the content of hormones and toxins, ultrasound, X-ray imaging methods, and a comprehensive neurological examination are prescribed. To reduce unpleasant symptoms, competent etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Read more →Sigmatism (lisping) is a distorted pronunciation of whistling, as well as hissing sounds. The disorder is typical for mechanical and functional dyslalia, various forms of dysarthria, open rhinolalia. With sigmatism, interdental, near-tooth, labio-dental, lateral, nasal pronunciation of phonemes can take place. The defect of sound pronunciation and its form is diagnosed as part of the examination of oral speech. The main areas of corrective speech therapy intervention include the preparation of the articulatory apparatus, the development of phonation breathing, sound production, automation of the skill of correct sound pronunciation.
Read more →Gray vaginal discharge is the appearance of gray discharge, often with an unpleasant odor, from the female genital tract. Such whites are combined with itching in the perineum, soreness during urination and during intercourse. The symptom is characteristic of bacterial vaginosis, other inflammatory and infectious pathologies of the genital organs. To find out the causes of gray discharge, an examination in the mirrors, instrumental imaging methods, and bacteriological analysis are prescribed. To eliminate the symptom, therapy of the underlying disease and normalization of the vaginal microflora is necessary.
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