A softening defect is a constant, regularly repeated replacement of soft consonants by the corresponding hard pairs and vice versa. Defects in softening and hardness are more common in the structure of age-related tongue-tied tongue, dyslalia, dysarthria, and hearing loss. In the course of diagnostics, the state of hearing, the structure and mobility of the articulatory apparatus, sound pronunciation, and auditory differentiation are examined. The specifics of speech therapy work depends on the type and cause of the defect, including the development of a basic articulation pattern, the development of phonemic processes, and the development of differentiation between hard and soft phonemes.
Read more →A voicing defect is a persistent replacement of voiced consonant phonemes with paired deaf ones. The opposite violation is less common - a deafening defect, i.e., phonation of deaf speech sounds with the participation of the voice (voiced). The causes of defects in voicedness and deafness can be phonemic underdevelopment, dysarthria, hearing loss, voice disorders, bilingualism. Diagnosis of violations is carried out during the examination of oral speech. The correction is aimed at differentiating phonemes on the basis of "deafness-voicedness". Some nosologies require medical interventions (hearing aids, PTL, pharmacotherapy).
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