Apathy is a symptom or a temporary mental state characterized by indifference, emotional coldness, indifference. It is manifested by indifference, detachment from what is happening, lack of motivation for any activity, decrease in emotions, slowness of actions. Diagnosis depends on the cause of apathy, the main methods are clinical conversation, observation, psychological testing. In addition, an examination by a neurologist, instrumental studies of the brain are prescribed. Symptomatic methods of treatment include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, daily regimen correction.
Asymmetry of the nasolabial folds is a sign of a number of neurological diseases, occurs in some dental pathologies, and may be the result of aesthetic operations, cosmetic manipulations. The difference in depth and angles of inclination of the folds ranges from insignificant to pronounced. Pathology is often observed simultaneously with other types of facial asymmetry. The reason for the violation of the symmetry of the nasolabial folds is determined according to the survey, neurological examination, imaging and electrophysiological techniques. Treatment prior to diagnosis is not indicated.
Pain in the temples occurs with migraine, hypertension, increased intracranial pressure, trauma, intoxication syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, temporal arteritis, pheochromocytoma, cluster headache and tension headache. Pain sensations can be prolonged, paroxysmal, sharp, dull, pulsating, pressing, shooting, aching, burning. The reason is established according to the survey, examination, laboratory and instrumental techniques. Treatment - analgesics, anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, blockades, surgical interventions.
Pain in the entire head is observed with vascular disorders, intracranial hypertension, meningitis, encephalitis, arachnoiditis, traumatic injuries, general infections, exogenous intoxications, mental disorders. Physiological causes are stuffiness, lack of sleep, stress, changing weather conditions. The pain can be pressing, bursting, aching, throbbing, dull, sharp, short-lived or persisting for a long time. NSAIDs, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antiallergic and other drugs, physiotherapy techniques, and surgical interventions are used in the treatment.
Hemiparetic gait is formed as a result of organic lesions of the central nervous system, is detected after a stroke, TBI, encephalitis, purulent lesions of the brain. It develops with tumors, parasitosis, toxic, demyelinating and degenerative-atrophic processes. The cause of the occurrence is established according to the anamnesis, general and neurological examination, echoencephalography, CT, MRI, laboratory tests, and other studies. At the initial stage of development of hemiparesis, pathogenetic and symptomatic measures are taken, followed by rehabilitation.
Hyperacusis is an increased sensitivity to sounds that other people perceive as having normal intensity. It is observed in injuries, diseases of the labyrinth, neuritis, migraine, multiple sclerosis, amaurotic idiocy, meningitis, and a number of other pathologies. It is diagnosed on the basis of complaints, the results of an otolaryngological and neurological examination, and additional studies. Treatment is carried out by drug therapy, physiotherapy. Sometimes blockades are performed, operations are carried out.
Hyperstenuria is an increase in the relative density (specific gravity) of urine more than 1.030 g / ml. Most often, this condition occurs with dehydration, but can also occur with diabetes mellitus, increased production of antidiuretic hormone, and heart disease. There are no clear clinical signs of hyperstenuria. Relative density indicators are measured with a general urine test. To eliminate hyperstenuria, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease.
Hyponatremia is a decrease in plasma sodium (Na) levels below 135 mmol/L (mEq/L). This condition has a wide range of causes - from excessive water intake with a salt-free diet, uncontrolled use of drugs to severe kidney disease and malignant tumors. Clinical symptoms are represented mainly by neuropsychiatric disorders. The diagnosis is made on the basis of determining the level of sodium and the osmolarity of blood serum, urine. Treatment should include control of the cause, administration of isotonic or hypertonic saline solutions, and maintenance of euvolemia.
Glucosuria is a pathological condition characterized by the detection of glucose in a urine sample. The causes may be diseases of the pancreas, various endocrine disorders, kidney disease. Glucosuria itself has no clinical manifestations. Prolonged excretion of large amounts of glucose in the urine increases the risk of developing urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis, cystitis). The glucose level is examined on an empty stomach in a medium portion of freshly collected urine. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Dizziness is a feeling of imaginary rotation and / or translational movements of the patient in various planes, less often - the illusion of displacement of a stationary environment in any plane. In clinical practice, the term "dizziness" is interpreted much more broadly, therefore, it includes conditions and sensations caused by impaired receipt of sensory information (visual, proprioceptive, vestibular, etc.), its processing. The main manifestation of dizziness is difficulty in orientation in space. Dizziness can have a variety of causes. The task of diagnosis is to identify the etiology of dizziness, which in the future allows you to determine the most effective tactics for its treatment.
A bitter taste in the mouth is a constant or intermittent unpleasant feeling of bitterness that is not always associated with eating. The symptom occurs in pregnant women, smokers, when eating low-quality food. The main pathological causes of a bitter taste are diseases of the liver and biliary system, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, local processes in the oral cavity. To identify the etiological factor, ultrasound, FGDS, duodenal sounding, stool and blood tests are performed. To eliminate an unpleasant taste in the mouth, enzymes, choleretic, antispasmodics are used.
Thirst (polydipsia) is the desire to drink water in large quantities, which is accompanied by subjective sensations of dry mouth. A symptom can occur with various endocrine diseases, increased fluid loss during breathing and sweating, pathologies of the liver and kidneys. To determine the causes of thirst and a feeling of dry mouth, ultrasound of the internal organs, X-ray examination, laboratory blood and urine tests, and hormone tests are performed. To eliminate pathological polydipsia, drug correction of the underlying disease that caused the manifestations of thirst is necessary.
Bradykinesia is slow movement. As a rule, it occurs with a simultaneous increase in muscle tone, provoked by a lesion of the extrapyramidal system in Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism of various etiologies, and some degenerative diseases. In mental disorders, hypothyroidism is not associated with pathology of intracerebral structures, it proceeds with a decrease in muscle tone. The cause of bradykinesia is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, and additional studies. Treatment includes dopaminomimetics, drugs to correct the underlying pathology, symptomatic agents, exercise therapy, massage, and surgical interventions.
Freezing when walking is observed in Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism, less commonly detected in vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, multisystem atrophy and torsion dystonia. In the elderly, it is sometimes an isolated symptom. May be expressed in motor blocks during movement or inability to start movement. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, the results of a neurological examination, EEG, rheoencephalography, MRI and CT. Treatment includes dopaminergic drugs, levodopa drugs, surgical interventions.
Visual hallucinations are disorders of visual perception characterized by the formation of visions in the absence of a real object. Elementary visual images are represented by sparks, flashes, spots. Simple hallucinations are static objects that do not change shape and are unambiguously interpreted by the patient. Complex hallucinatory visions are plot pictures, one or more characters that can move, increase or decrease, inspire ideas. Examination of patients is carried out by the method of observation and conversation, with the help of provocative samples. Symptomatic therapy involves taking antipsychotics.
Hiccups (hiccups, hiccups) is a reflex disturbance of external respiration, manifested by convulsive contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles with a characteristic stifled sound and a short-term sensation of holding the breath. Usually has a physiological origin. It can occur in diseases of the digestive organs, central and peripheral nervous system, diaphragm, thoracic inflammation and volumetric processes, intoxication. To determine the causes of hiccups, ultrasound, radiography, tomography of various organs, and EFI techniques are used. Often, hiccups stop on their own. At the prehospital stage, reflex methods, sedatives, tranquilizers and antipsychotics are used.
Goosebumps is one of the variants of paresthesia. They occur with myelopathy, polyneuropathy, damage to individual nerves, and some other neurological diseases. Observed with varicose veins, obliterating endarteritis, Raynaud's syndrome, mental disorders, metabolic and endocrine pathologies. The cause of the symptom is determined based on the data of the survey, physical examination, instrumental and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Treatment includes painkillers, vascular agents, hormones, antispasmodics, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
Violation of speech understanding occurs in a number of different speech and neuropsychiatric syndromes: alalia, aphasia, autism, oligophrenia, dementia, etc. It is characterized by the lack of an adequate response to audible speech, the inability to follow instructions, increased exhaustion of attention. Sometimes understanding is broken partially. Own speech production may be preserved or absent. To establish the causes of the violation, a neurological, audiological, neuropsychological, speech therapy examination is carried out. Treatment is carried out within the framework of the identified syndrome.
Olfactory hallucinations are delusions of smell, characterized by the perception of a smell that is not present in reality. Patients may experience neutral, repulsive, and pleasant odors. Smells can be perceived as arising from somewhere outside, coming from within the body, localized in the intrapsychic space and captured by the “inner sense of smell”. Common options are the smell of burning, rotting meat, smoldering, poison. Diagnosis is carried out during the conversation, observation, tests for the identification of odors. Symptomatic therapy is based on the use of neuroleptics.
Facial numbness is observed in neurological, dental, vascular and oncological diseases, traumatic injuries. It is less often detected in patients with mental disorders, infections, parasitosis, and some other pathologies. Most often unilateral. It can be temporary or permanent, covering the entire half of the face or a specific area. The cause of the condition is established according to the survey, external, neurological and dental examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes neuroprotective agents, anticonvulsants, antibacterial agents, and physiotherapy.
Perseveration is a persistent compulsive repetition of a mental, emotional or motor act. Perseverative thinking is characterized by constantly pondering one idea without developing it. Emotional perseverations are realized by “getting stuck” on the experience of a certain emotion. Perseverative motor skills - repetitive reproduction of one movement, a motor complex. With speech perseverations, involuntary repetition of a word or phrase is observed. Clinical methods, neuropsychological tests are used for diagnosis. Symptomatic care includes psychocorrection, psychotherapy, medication.
Loss of smell (anosmia) is the complete loss of the sense of smell. The symptom is physiological in the elderly, but more often olfactory disorders occur in smokers, with various diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses, and pathologies of the brain. To establish the root cause of anosmia, olfactometry, examination of ENT organs, X-ray and tomographic methods of brain imaging, and laboratory tests are used. Medications are prescribed taking into account the underlying disease after diagnostic measures.
Sweating of the face and head (cranial hyperhidrosis) is excessive sweating in the affected area. Sweating is often accompanied by local reddening of the skin and a feeling of heat, other symptoms depend on the cause of sweating. Hyperhidrosis can be caused by stress and nightmares, pathologies of the brain and peripheral nerves, hypertension. To determine the cause of increased sweating, a neurological examination with EEG and electroneurography, radiography, functional tests, and laboratory tests are performed. The relief of unpleasant symptoms is the treatment of the underlying disease.
Taste in the mouth is the sensation of a sour, bitter, or other unpleasant taste for no apparent reason. The symptom occurs after errors in the diet, with diseases of the oral cavity and ENT organs, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Unpleasant sensations develop with intoxication, endocrine and neurological disorders. To establish the etiological factor, laboratory tests, FGDS, radiography, ENT examination are carried out. To eliminate the symptom, it is recommended to rinse the mouth, take etiotropic drugs.
Hot flashes to the head occur as a result of physical and mental overstrain, against the background of diseases - menopausal syndrome, vegetovascular dystonia, hypertensive crisis and atherosclerosis. Less often, symptoms appear as a side effect of antihypertensive drugs, as well as in endocrine and neurological diseases. Diagnostic examination includes an assessment of the vegetative status, instrumental methods (EEG, ECG, echocardiography), an extended hormonal and lipid profile. Treatment consists of normalizing lifestyle, taking medications (sedatives, tranquilizers, hormones), physiotherapy.
Pulsation in the temples is observed in cerebral atherosclerosis, essential and symptomatic hypertension, hydrocephalus, migraine, VVD, temporal arteritis, and some intoxications. It can be long-term or short-term, one-sided or two-sided. The cause of the symptom is established based on the results of the survey, physical examination, additional diagnostic procedures. Treatment includes antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, other medications. Sometimes surgery is indicated.
Absent -mindedness is an organic or functional decrease in the ability to perform concentrated, purposeful activities. In a narrow sense, absent-mindedness is understood as a violation of concentration. It manifests itself as forgetfulness, inattention, lack of concentration. It can be a character trait, a symptom of an illness, or a temporary state of fatigue. Diagnosis of absent-mindedness is carried out by methods of pathopsychology: samples are used to study the attentive-mnestic sphere, working capacity. In the context of symptomatic treatment, psychocorrection, BFB trainings are carried out, medications (nootropics, antidepressants) are prescribed.
Rare menstruation is a disorder of the menstrual cycle, in which its duration exceeds 35 days (opsomenorrhea). A variant of the disorder is spaniomenorrhea with the appearance of spotting 2-4 times a year. The symptom may be accompanied by a decrease in the amount of spotting, constant pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen. It is observed with physiological hormonal changes, overload, diseases of the genital organs. To determine the causes of rare menstruation, a gynecological examination, ultrasound of the pelvic cavity, endoscopic methods, and laboratory tests are used. Medications are prescribed only after verification of the diagnosis.
Extreme thirst (polydipsia) is a sudden, uncontrollable desire to drink water, often accompanied by dry mouth. The disorder occurs with physiological and pathological dehydration, fever of any origin, diseases of the endocrine system and kidneys. To determine the causes of polydipsia, tests for the content of hormones and toxins, ultrasound, X-ray imaging methods, and a comprehensive neurological examination are prescribed. To reduce unpleasant symptoms, competent etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Scanty menstruation (hypomenorrhea) is a violation of menstrual function, in which the amount of bleeding does not exceed 50 ml. The disorder can have physiological causes or occur after operations, injuries, against the background of various diseases - malformations, inflammatory diseases of the genital area, endocrine pathology, brain tumors. To determine the cause of scanty menstruation, a gynecological examination, ultrasound of the pelvic organs, endoscopic and laboratory methods are used. With physiological hypomenorrhea, treatment is not prescribed. In other cases, the choice of therapy takes into account the origin of the symptom.
Muscle weakness is an objective symptom, expressed as a decrease in skeletal muscle strength, or a subjective sensation, described as increased fatigue. The reasons for this phenomenon are extremely diverse and usually include structural damage at any level of signal transmission along the nerve pathways, damage to myoneural synapses, and muscle fibers. Diagnosis is carried out by means of neuroimaging, neurophysiological procedures, laboratory methods. Treatment involves conservative and surgical correction.
Tic is a type of hyperkinesis. Represents involuntary stereotyped movements that resemble arbitrary. In most cases, it occurs in childhood. It is provoked by neuroses, residual organic insufficiency due to harmful effects in the prenatal period and early childhood. Seen in Tourette's syndrome. Sometimes it occurs secondary to other CNS lesions. The cause is determined on the basis of a survey, examination, data from a psychodiagnostic examination, CT, MRI, and other procedures. Treatment - psychotherapy, psychocorrection, drug therapy, physiotherapy. Operations are sometimes shown.
Tonic-clonic convulsions are mixed paroxysms in which prolonged tonic spasms are replaced by rapid clonic contractions of the skeletal muscles. The causes of generalized seizures are quite extensive: epilepsy, organic pathology of the central nervous system, neuroinfections and other conditions. To verify the diagnosis, a comprehensive examination is required, including laboratory tests, tomography, and neurophysiological techniques. For the relief and therapy of convulsive syndrome, medications are used, in some cases, surgical treatment is indicated.
Tremor during movement (intentional) occurs with lesions of the cerebellum, brain stem and red nuclei. Changes in brain structures develop against the background of TBI, strokes, tumors, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, poisoning, and an overdose of certain drugs. The symptom is observed in isolation or combined with postural trembling and resting tremor. Neurological examination data and neuroimaging methods are used to determine the cause of movement tremor. Treatment is carried out with the use of valproates, beta-blockers, benzodiazepines. Operations are performed according to indications.
Triparesis is detected in craniocerebral and spinal cord injuries, neoplasia, spinal cord abscesses, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and some polyneuropathies. The cause of the violation is established on the basis of complaints, neurological examination data, imaging techniques, and laboratory tests. The tactics of treatment is determined taking into account the nature of the pathology. Neuroprotectors, antibiotics, antiplatelet agents, hormonal agents, and other drugs are prescribed. Operations are performed according to indications.
An increase in the number of movements is observed in mental and narcological diseases. It is detected in mania, anxiety spectrum disorders, delirium, dementia, alcohol dependence, cocaine addiction and opium addiction. Often combined with psycho-emotional arousal, sometimes with agitation. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis data, and the results of special tests. If an organic etiology is suspected, instrumental and laboratory studies are carried out. Treatment - psychotherapy, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, complex addiction therapy.
Acceleration of movements (tachykinesia) is observed in hyperactivity syndrome, bipolar disorder, delirious disorder, schizophrenia and neuroleptic syndrome. Accompanied by impatience and restlessness, which decrease against the background of physical activity. To determine the cause of the symptom, the patient is interviewed, they talk with relatives, study the anamnesis of life and disease, and according to indications, instrumental and laboratory tests are prescribed. Treatment is neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, other drugs, psychotherapy, sometimes ECT.
Noise in the ears (tinnitus) is a symptom in which a person hears extraneous sounds (crackling, ringing, hum) in the absence of their obvious source. There are several etiological factors of this condition: exposure to loud sounds, diseases and tumors of the hearing organ, hypertension and other vascular disorders. To determine the cause of tinnitus, audiometry with tuning fork tests, X-ray examination of the skull, angiography, otoscopy, and laboratory tests are performed. To stop the symptom, methods of psychotherapy, sedative phytopreparations are used.
Euphoria is a state of emotional uplift, felt as a powerful and sudden feeling of elation, joy, happiness. It is manifested by an increase in mood, an experience of bliss, well-being. Simultaneously with positive emotions, motor retardation, slowing down of intellectual processes, and expressiveness of speech are observed. The euphoric state can be physiological - short, due to natural causes, and pathological - long, frequent, provoked by illness or intoxication. Diagnostics is carried out by the method of conversation, observation, psychological testing. In some cases, drug therapy is indicated.