Movement Disorders : Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

• General Information
• Mask Face
• Decreased Range Of Motion
• Slow Movement
• Acceleration Of Movements
• Increasing The Number Of Movements
• Reducing The Number Of Movements

Motor act disorders unite a large group of disorders of voluntary motor reactions. They include facial expression disorders (hypomimia), slowness of movements (bradykinesia), unnecessary, fussy movements (tachykinesia), poverty of movements (oligokinesia), repetition of movements (polykinesia), and a decrease in amplitude. To determine the cause, cerebral CT / MRI, EFI (EEG, REG, EMNG), ultrasound of the vessels of the head are performed. As part of the treatment of the leading disorder, pharmacological schemes, exercise therapy, FTL (massage, electrical nerve stimulation), and psychotherapy are used. Sometimes surgical treatment is indicated.

general information

Violation of a voluntary motor act is usually found in the clinic of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Conditional motor reactions are characterized by such parameters as speed, amplitude, number of movements. With various disorders, movements can become poorly controlled, small or large amplitude, slow or too fast, limited in number or repeatedly repeated. Violations of the motor act negatively affect the quality of everyday life and make it impossible to work.

mask face

Hypomimia is characterized by depletion of facial expressions or its absence (amimia). At the same time, the patient's face becomes mask-like, he loses the ability to express his emotions, adequately respond to surrounding events. The causes of hypomia are:

• Neurodegenerative diseases : Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, Shy-Drager syndrome.
• Organic lesions of the central nervous system : stroke, AVM, neoplasms of the brain.
• Neuromuscular diseases : Bell's palsy, myopathies.
• Mental disorders : autism, schizophrenia, catatonia, affective disorders.

Decreased range of motion

Limitation of the range of motion can be caused by injuries of the musculoskeletal system, infectious-inflammatory, degenerative, autoimmune, hereditary and congenital pathologies. At the same time, the functions of flexion and extension, abduction and adduction of the limbs, rotational movements are violated. A decrease in the amplitude of movement can be observed in the following pathological processes:

• Injuries : bruise, torn ligaments, dislocation, fracture.
• Joint diseases : arthrosis, arthritis, synovitis, post-traumatic contracture.
• Diseases of the periarticular soft tissues : myositis ossificans, bursitis, tendinitis, capsulitis, abscess, phlegmon.
• Spondylopathies : osteochondrosis, intervertebral hernia, spondylarthrosis, sciatica.
• Diseases of the central nervous system: head injury, cerebral palsy, stroke, encephalitis.
• Hereditary diseases and developmental anomalies : mucopolysaccharidoses, Olier's disease, congenital dislocations, horse foot, clubfoot.

Slow movement

Bradykinesia is an extremely slow pace of movement and other activities. Due to muscle rigidity, the patient becomes clumsy, clumsy, slow. He often also has slow speech (bradylalia), postural instability and lack of coordination (ataxia). The reasons for the violation of the speed of a motor act can be of a neurogenic and psychogenic nature:

• Neurological diseases : Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism (juvenile, secondary), olivopontocerebellar degeneration, spinocerebellar ataxia, Huntington's chorea.
• Mental disorders : epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression.

Acceleration of movements

Rapid fussy movements (tachykinesia) refers to extrapyramidal disorders. Patients are in constant motion, do not sit still for a minute, fidget in bed, cannot find a comfortable position or position. Patients themselves describe that they experience anxiety, impatience, the severity of which decreases after physical activity. Often accelerated movements are combined with fast, sloppy speech (tahilalia). Violation of the motor act by the type of acceleration of movements is observed with:

• hyperactivity syndrome;
• malignant neuroleptic syndrome;
• manic disorder;
• schizophrenia;
• catatonic excitation;
• medicinal intoxications;
• delirious syndrome.

Tachykinesia must be distinguished from violent involuntary movements (hyperkinesis).

Increasing the number of movements

Motor restlessness is characterized by the presence of chaotic, small, fussy movements. May be accompanied by psycho-emotional arousal, increased talkativeness. Occurs in the presence of the following etiological factors:

• taking psychotropic drugs;
• obsessive-compulsive disorder;
• delirium (alcoholic, infectious);
• alcohol and drug intoxication;
• postanesthesia arousal syndrome, etc.

Reducing the number of movements

With oligokinesia, movements become inhibited, constrained, fragmented, difficult to perform, lose their strength, accuracy, and smoothness. The causes of the violation are the dysfunction of the cerebral structures responsible for the implementation of the motor act. Oligokinesia occurs in the clinic of the following disorders:

• Parkinsonian disorders : Parkinson's disease, juvenile, symptomatic parkinsonism, parkinsonism-plus.
• Encephalopathy: hepatic, hypoxic, discirculatory, toxic, post-traumatic.
• Convulsive syndromes : Tourette's syndrome, temporal lobe epilepsy.
• Mental pathologies : oligophrenia, depression, catatonia.