Bilirubinuria is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of bilirubin in the urine. The causes are diseases of the liver and biliary tract (BI). A high concentration of bilirubin stains the urine dark brown. The test for bilirubinuria together with the test for urobilinogenuria (detection of bilirubin derivatives in the urine) is used for the differential diagnosis of jaundice - parenchymal, hemolytic, obstructive. Treatment of the underlying disease is necessary to correct bilirubinuria.
Hyperbilirubinemia is an increase in the content of bilirubin in the blood more than 20.5 µmol / l. Most often it is an indicator of an infectious or inflammatory pathology of the liver, biliary tract. Also, the cause may be metabolic disorders, hemolytic anemia, and other diseases of the digestive tract. The leading clinical sign is jaundice. The remaining symptoms are determined by the underlying disease. The level of bilirubin is examined in a biochemical blood test on an empty stomach. Treatment depends on the pathology against which hyperbilirubinemia has developed.
Glucosuria is a pathological condition characterized by the detection of glucose in a urine sample. The causes may be diseases of the pancreas, various endocrine disorders, kidney disease. Glucosuria itself has no clinical manifestations. Prolonged excretion of large amounts of glucose in the urine increases the risk of developing urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis, cystitis). The glucose level is examined on an empty stomach in a medium portion of freshly collected urine. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Crystalluria is the presence of various crystalline inclusions in the urine. It can occur both in healthy people and be a sign of a serious illness. Diagnostic value is the type of crystals, their number, as well as repeated detection during repeated studies. Some crystals can change the color of urine. Prolonged crystalluria is considered one of the main risk factors for the development of urolithiasis. Crystalluria is detected by microscopic examination of the urinary sediment in a general urinalysis. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.
Taste in the mouth is the sensation of a sour, bitter, or other unpleasant taste for no apparent reason. The symptom occurs after errors in the diet, with diseases of the oral cavity and ENT organs, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Unpleasant sensations develop with intoxication, endocrine and neurological disorders. To establish the etiological factor, laboratory tests, FGDS, radiography, ENT examination are carried out. To eliminate the symptom, it is recommended to rinse the mouth, take etiotropic drugs.
Tremor is a movement disorder that is manifested by involuntary rhythmic fluctuations in various parts of the body, arising from the stereotypically repeated contraction and relaxation of the muscles. Most often, hyperkinesis covers the hands, head, feet, severe trembling limits the physical, social and professional activity of patients. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis data, neurological examination, results of additional studies (laboratory tests, neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods). Tremor treatment involves eliminating the cause, symptomatic correction.
Head tremors are uncontrolled rhythmic movements caused by alternating contractions of the antagonist muscles of the neck. Trembling looks like nodding or shaking the head, occurs at rest, when moving or maintaining a posture. The cause of tremor is various pathologies with damage to the extrapyramidal, cerebellar, cortical sections of the regulation of motor functions. Diagnosis is carried out by laboratory, neuroimaging, neurophysiological methods. Treatment is carried out with medications, in resistant cases, botulinum therapy or surgery is offered.
Hand tremor is a tremulous hyperkinesis, manifested by stereotypically repeated contractions of the muscles of the hand. It can be primary or occur under the influence of a wide range of causes, in particular, metabolic or toxic damage, focal and diffuse diseases of the nervous system. Tremor is detected during neurological examination, its origin is helped to determine laboratory tests, neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods. The basis of the treatment strategy is conservative drug therapy, refractory cases require surgical intervention.
Chorea is a type of hyperkinesis in which involuntary movements are observed, resembling normal ones, but differing from them in irregularity, disorder and randomness. It is detected in Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, Lesch-Nychen syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, and other hereditary pathologies. It briefly occurs in childhood with rheumatic diseases and lesions of the upper respiratory tract. The cause is established according to the anamnesis, neurological examination, additional studies. Antipsychotics are used to eliminate chorea. Surgical treatment is ineffective.
Shaky (atactic) gait is observed with damage to the cerebellum and thalamus, sometimes occurs with pathology of the frontal lobes associated with the cerebellum. It is provoked by tumors, traumas, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, purulent processes, intoxications, vascular formations, circulatory disorders. It is found in some hereditary diseases. It is diagnosed on the basis of anamnesis data, gait studies, neurological examination, EEG, CT, MRI, laboratory tests. Treatment includes antibacterial, vascular, detoxification therapy, restorative agents, exercise therapy, and surgery.