Asymmetry of the face is more common in nervous diseases and dental pathologies. Less commonly, the cause of the symptom is trauma, ophthalmological, otolaryngological, congenital diseases. Violation can be static or dynamic, develop due to disorders of innervation, edema, excess or lack of tissue. Determining the cause of asymmetry is carried out using data from general, dental, neurological, otolaryngological examination, radiography, and other imaging techniques. Treatment prior to diagnosis is not indicated.
Cappacism in the narrow sense means defects in the pronunciation of [K] and [K ′], in a broader sense - the shortcomings of all back-lingual sounds, including [G] and [G ′], [X] and [X ′]. With this speech disorder, phonemes are either completely absent in speech, or are pronounced with a guttural, nasal, lateral overtone. Diagnosis is carried out by a speech therapist by examining the articulatory apparatus and sound pronunciation. Sometimes additional dental or neurological diagnostics are required. Correction of cappacism consists of the formation of an articulation pattern, setting and fixing a normative sound. According to the indications, orthodontic treatment, operations on the maxillofacial area, logomassage, physiotherapy are carried out.
Rotacism (burr) is a defective pronunciation of sounds [Р-Р′], which does not correspond to the phonetic norms of the Russian language. It is observed with dyslalia, rhinolalia, dysarthria. Instead of a full-fledged rolling [R], formed by vibration of the tip of the tongue, a distorted (throat, bilabial, buccal, etc.) sound is pronounced. Violation is detected in the course of logopedic diagnostics. Correction of rotacism involves the development of the correct articulation pattern, the development of the strength and direction of the air flow, the automation of the normative sound and its introduction into speech. Eliminating the cause of sound distortion may require the participation of dentists, neurologists.