Pain in the left hypochondrium most often develops with pathologies of the abdominal organs: acute and chronic pancreatitis, Payr's syndrome, splenomegaly and traumatic injuries of the spleen. Occasionally, a symptom occurs with lung damage (pneumonia and pleurisy), an atypical form of myocardial infarction, intercostal neuralgia. To diagnose the causes of pain, an instrumental examination is carried out using ultrasound, radiological and radioisotope methods. Treatment includes analgesics, etiopathogenetic agents (enzymes, antibiotics, drugs with antisecretory effect), surgical interventions.
Hyperbilirubinemia is an increase in the content of bilirubin in the blood more than 20.5 µmol / l. Most often it is an indicator of an infectious or inflammatory pathology of the liver, biliary tract. Also, the cause may be metabolic disorders, hemolytic anemia, and other diseases of the digestive tract. The leading clinical sign is jaundice. The remaining symptoms are determined by the underlying disease. The level of bilirubin is examined in a biochemical blood test on an empty stomach. Treatment depends on the pathology against which hyperbilirubinemia has developed.
Hypofibrinogenemia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the content of fibrinogen in the blood below 2 g / l. Fibrinogen is the main protein of the hemostasis system; a thrombus is formed from it, which stops bleeding when the vascular wall is damaged. Hypofibrinogenemia is clinically manifested by hemorrhagic syndrome and can develop as a result of complications of pregnancy, against the background of the administration of drugs, with severe liver diseases, etc. The level of fibrinogen is examined in the blood plasma as a component of the coagulogram along with INR, APTT, thrombin time. Correction of this condition is carried out by introducing fresh frozen plasma and eliminating the etiological factor.
Dysesthesia is an abnormal sensation of pain, itching, burning, or other discomfort that occurs spontaneously or under the influence of stimuli. It is observed in neuropathies, polyneuropathies, fibromyalgia, radicular syndrome, transverse myelitis, and some other diseases. The cause of occurrence is established on the basis of complaints, medical history, data from electrophysiological, imaging and laboratory methods. Treatment - NSAIDs, antibacterial agents, neurometabolites, physiotherapy. Some patients require surgery.
Muscle ache is a specific pulling and “twisting” pain, an unpleasant burning sensation and tingling in the muscles. The symptom is often accompanied by weakness, stiffness of movements, local hyperemia of the skin. Aches are observed with myositis, fibromyalgia, vascular pathology, infectious diseases, intoxications. To identify the cause of the disorder, electromyography, radiography, ultrasound, laboratory methods, and neurological examination are used. To relieve symptoms, NSAIDs and analgesics, physiotherapy procedures are used.
Swelling of the joints occurs with traumatic injuries, rheumatic, orthopedic, infectious, endocrine diseases. May affect one, several or many joints. It is accompanied by an increase, a change in the contours of the periarticular areas. Often combined with pain, redness, increased local temperature. The cause of the swelling is determined using interview data, physical examination, radiography, other imaging techniques, and laboratory tests. Before diagnosis, functional rest is recommended, sometimes the use of topical agents is acceptable.
Elevated blood pressure is observed both in essential hypertension and in symptomatic forms of hypertension that are associated with diseases of the kidneys, central nervous system, and endocrine system. In healthy individuals, a short-term increase in pressure occurs in stressful situations, with the “white coat syndrome”. To diagnose the causes, laboratory tests are prescribed - general and biochemical blood tests, lipid and hormonal profiles, and an assessment of GFR. Instrumental methods are used - ECG, echocardiography, ultrasound of the kidneys and endocrine glands. Relief of the symptom includes lifestyle changes, antihypertensive drugs, elimination of the causes of the symptom.
Proteinuria is an increase in the concentration of protein in the urine of more than 150 mg per day. The range of etiological factors of this condition is extremely wide - from emotional stress and the common cold, accompanied by high fever, to severe kidney disease, systemic autoimmune processes and oncohematological diseases. Severe proteinuria within the framework of nephrotic syndrome is clinically manifested by peripheral edema on the face and lower extremities. There are many methods for determining protein in urine. Traditionally, a clinical urinalysis is used as the primary examination. Correction of proteinuria is carried out by treating the underlying disease.
Reticulocytosis is an increase in the concentration of reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in the peripheral blood by more than 1% of the number of all erythrocytes. The main cause is various anemia (posthemorrhagic, hemolytic), as well as pathological conditions that cause general hypoxia in the body. The leading place in the clinical picture is occupied by anemic syndrome - pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, palpitations. The level of reticulocytes is examined in the general blood test (CBC). To correct reticulocytosis, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease.
Severe dizziness can be constant or paroxysmal, occurs with vestibular neuronitis, pathologies of the inner ear, cerebrovascular accidents, idiopathic vestibular insufficiency, some cardiac pathologies, intoxication, severe anemia, panic attacks. It is diagnosed on the basis of survey data, neurological examination, studies of the vestibular apparatus, imaging, laboratory techniques. Treatment includes neuroprotective agents, vascular agents, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and other drugs. Some patients require surgery.
Thrombocytosis is a pathological condition characterized by an increase in the content of platelets in the blood. The cause of this phenomenon is infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies, as well as malignant tumors of the hematopoietic system. In children, it often occurs against the background of iron deficiency anemia. The clinical picture may be different and is determined by the underlying disease. The level of platelets, as part of a complete blood count, is examined in venous or capillary blood. To correct thrombocytosis, the disease against which it developed is treated.
Erythropenia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood. In most cases, it is combined with a decrease in hemoglobin levels, which in total causes the development of anemia. The cause of erythropenia is acute and chronic blood loss, malnutrition and absorption, cancer, some autoimmune, infectious, hereditary diseases, poisoning. Pathology is manifested by weakness, fainting, tachycardia, decreased immunity, bleeding. Erythropenia is detected as part of a clinical blood test. Treatment - diet correction, B vitamins, iron preparations, erythropoietin.