Anuria is a pathological condition in which the amount of urine excreted is less than 50 ml per day. It is detected in acute renal failure of various origins, in the final stage of chronic renal failure, in severe cardiovascular and multiple organ failure, various shock conditions, renal vascular thrombosis, and urolithiasis. The cause of anuria is established on the basis of anamnesis, physical examination data, hardware and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes infusion therapy, extracorporeal detoxification, drugs, surgical methods.
Pain in the kidneys most often occurs with inflammatory lesions - pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. Pain syndrome occurs with nephroptosis, urolithiasis, emergency conditions (kidney infarction, renal vein thrombosis). Instrumental techniques are used for diagnosis: ultrasound, urography, CT. Laboratory tests of urine and blood are used. To clarify the diagnosis, a kidney biopsy is performed. Conservative treatment includes antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, and antihypertensives. According to indications, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, surgical intervention is prescribed.
Hematuria is a laboratory symptom characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine. The causes may be inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, urolithiasis, malignant neoplasms. Depending on the degree of hematuria, the color of urine can change to red, brown, "the color of meat slops", but in the vast majority of cases it remains unchanged. More than 3-5 erythrocytes in the field of view during microscopy of the urine sediment or more than 1000 in 1 ml when performing the Nechiporenko test is considered to be exceeding the norm. To correct this laboratory phenomenon, the underlying disease is treated.
Oliguria is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in urine output (less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hours). Causes can range from insufficient fluid intake or long-term medication to severe kidney disease or shock. Oliguria indicates a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, i.e. there is a violation of the excretion of products of nitrogen metabolism, which leads to their accumulation in the body. Correction is carried out by treating the underlying disease.