Apathy is a symptom or a temporary mental state characterized by indifference, emotional coldness, indifference. It is manifested by indifference, detachment from what is happening, lack of motivation for any activity, decrease in emotions, slowness of actions. Diagnosis depends on the cause of apathy, the main methods are clinical conversation, observation, psychological testing. In addition, an examination by a neurologist, instrumental studies of the brain are prescribed. Symptomatic methods of treatment include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, daily regimen correction.
Anxiety is a negative emotional state, expressed by a feeling of uncertainty, the expectation of bad events. It manifests itself internally as a feeling of anxiety, an experience of excitement, and an unpleasant foreboding of impending disaster. External signs of anxiety - absent-mindedness, restlessness, obsessive movements, a suffering facial expression. A survey, observation, and psychodiagnostic tests are used for diagnosis: questionnaires, and projective techniques. Symptomatic care includes psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and relaxation techniques.
Visual hallucinations are disorders of visual perception characterized by the formation of visions in the absence of a real object. Elementary visual images are represented by sparks, flashes, spots. Simple hallucinations are static objects that do not change shape and are unambiguously interpreted by the patient. Complex hallucinatory visions are plot pictures, one or more characters that can move, increase or decrease, inspire ideas. Examination of patients is carried out by the method of observation and conversation, with the help of provocative samples. Symptomatic therapy involves taking antipsychotics.
Coprolalia is the unintentional, inappropriate, pathologically obsessive utterance of swear words and obscene language. It occurs in a number of mental and neurological diseases: Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, manic syndrome, neuroinfections, Kleine-Levin syndrome, in the post-stroke period. May be a side effect of taking neuroleptics. Coprolalia is diagnosed by clinical methods (talk, observation), identification of its causes requires instrumental (MRI, EEG) and laboratory diagnostics. Treatment depends on the etiology of the disorder, including pharmacological agents, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation techniques.
Olfactory hallucinations are delusions of smell, characterized by the perception of a smell that is not present in reality. Patients may experience neutral, repulsive, and pleasant odors. Smells can be perceived as arising from somewhere outside, coming from within the body, localized in the intrapsychic space and captured by the “inner sense of smell”. Common options are the smell of burning, rotting meat, smoldering, poison. Diagnosis is carried out during the conversation, observation, tests for the identification of odors. Symptomatic therapy is based on the use of neuroleptics.
Perseveration is a persistent compulsive repetition of a mental, emotional or motor act. Perseverative thinking is characterized by constantly pondering one idea without developing it. Emotional perseverations are realized by “getting stuck” on the experience of a certain emotion. Perseverative motor skills - repetitive reproduction of one movement, a motor complex. With speech perseverations, involuntary repetition of a word or phrase is observed. Clinical methods, neuropsychological tests are used for diagnosis. Symptomatic care includes psychocorrection, psychotherapy, medication.
Tearfulness is the tendency of a person to cry often for little or no reason. It is manifested by increased tearfulness and emotional instability, sudden bouts of crying. Common associated symptoms are restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, depression, despondency. Tearfulness can be a character trait, a sign of a disease, or a situationally determined reaction. Diagnosis of the condition is carried out during the conversation and observation of the patient. Symptomatic therapy includes rhythmic breathing and distraction techniques, psychotherapy, antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs.
Absent -mindedness is an organic or functional decrease in the ability to perform concentrated, purposeful activities. In a narrow sense, absent-mindedness is understood as a violation of concentration. It manifests itself as forgetfulness, inattention, lack of concentration. It can be a character trait, a symptom of an illness, or a temporary state of fatigue. Diagnosis of absent-mindedness is carried out by methods of pathopsychology: samples are used to study the attentive-mnestic sphere, working capacity. In the context of symptomatic treatment, psychocorrection, BFB trainings are carried out, medications (nootropics, antidepressants) are prescribed.
Embolophrasy is a constant repetition of a highly fixed fragment of a word, a whole word or a phrase that is inappropriate in a given speech situation. Speech embolus is present in patients with motor aphasia, stuttering, cluttering, neurological and psychiatric disorders. They can be individual sounds, interjections, words. With gross aphasia, the speech embolus is the only form of speech available to the patient. To establish the cause of embolophrasia and associated speech disorders, a speech therapy examination is performed. To slow down the speech embolus, systematic exercises are needed to correct the basic logopathology.
Increased emotional lability is a psychopathological symptom characterized by the ease of developing an affective reaction in response to mild to moderate stimuli. Patients are characterized by tearfulness, fearfulness, outbursts of irritation and anger, embarrassment, an open demonstration of joy. The mood is changeable, emotions are expressed, at the peak of experiences, self-control and the ability to objectively assess the situation are reduced. The main diagnostics is carried out by a psychiatrist, the method of conversation, observation and psychological testing is used. Treatment includes individual and group psychotherapy, family counseling, drug correction.